两方的

Much of the fascination of Ethiopia lies in its myriad historical sites, the obelisks and stele of Axum, the churches and coptic monasteries in the Tigre, in the Lake Tana isles and in the Lalibela: the African Jerusalem with its monolithic churches46; In Ethiopia there are also nine national parks, two of which include the mountain groups of the Simien and the Bale, while the others lie in the Rift Valley towards Kenya46; The unforeseeable wild landscapes are surely the main attraction of these parks, where many of the animal species are protected, and some of them are endemic to the area46; The proximity of Ethiopia to the Equator and the variety of its habitats make it one of the richest countries in Africa in wild bird life46

埃塞俄比亚这个国家最让人神往的便是它无数的历史古迹，方尖石塔，阿克苏姆石碑，教堂，塔纳湖岛Tigre的科普特人修道院，以及拉利贝拉的非洲耶路撒冷的岩石教堂。在埃塞俄比亚还有9个国家公园，其中两座公园包括塞米恩山和贝尔山山群，其他的则坐落在东非大裂谷接近肯尼亚。一望无际的土地就是这些公园吸引游客的地方，这里有很多被保护的动物物种，其中有些动物是这个地区特有的。埃塞俄比亚靠近赤道，它栖息地的各种各样使得这个国家成为南非野生鸟类最多的国家之一。

The following results are made from this research: Assessing data quality and band combination of different bands in line with geo-target features in desertification areas, and determining basic bands for desertification monitoring. And understanding and studying the spectral features and variation rules of geo-targets in the experimental area, raising that it is the basis of geo-targets information collection with imaging spectrometer data to understand spectral features and variation rules of geo-targets, realizing that in a great extent spectral-integrated-form-based classification method can remove the phenomenon of "different spectrum with same objects" resulted from reflection ratio curve translation because of the angle change among sensor, targets and observation direction, and the average and variance images can be introduced to solve the problem of two kinds of geo-target with similar spectral forms and much different values of whole reflectionratio. It is suggested that "red edge" range bands of vegetation, which has close relationship with vegetation cover and biomass, is the main characteristic bands and important basis for careful vegetation classification and quantitative retrieval, and pixel-based derivative spectral analysis is very useful for removing the effects of soil background values and quantitatively retrieving vegetation biomass and cover. The remote sense quantitative retrieval model is developed for main appraisable factors of desertification monitoring assessment with imaging spectrometer data and then the applicability of model is analyzed.

研究结果如下：首先针对荒漠化地区的地物特征，对高光谱数据不同波段的数据质量、波段组合进行了评价，提出了适用于荒漠化监测的基本波段选择集；初步了解和掌握了研究地区的地物光谱特性及变异规律，进一步明确了掌握地物光谱特征和变异规律是用成像光谱仪数据提取地物信息的基础；发现了基于光谱整体形状的分类方法在很大程度上能够消除由于传感器、地物目标观测方向之间的角度变化引起的反射率曲线整体平移的"同物异谱"现象，对于谱形相似而整体反射率的值相差较大的两类地物，通过引入均值和方差图像参与分类得到解决；研究还表明在植被"红边"范围内的波段是进行荒漠化监测的主要特征波段，这些波段与植被生物量和盖度都有密切的关系，是开展精细植被分类研究和植被定量反演的重要基础；像元的导数光谱分析可以消除土壤背景的影响，是进行植被生物量和盖度定量反演的有力工具；建立了荒漠化监测主要评价因子的定量反演模型，并分析了模型的适用性。

The following results are made from this research: Assessing data quality and band combination of different bands in line with geo-target features in desertification areas, and determining basic bands for desertification monitoring. And understanding and studying the spectral features and variation rules of geo-targets in the experimental area, raising that it is the basis of geo-targets information collection with imaging spectrometer data to understand spectral features and variation rules of geo-targets, realizing that in a great extent spectral-integrated-form-based classification method can remove the phenomenon of "different spectrum with same objects" resulted from reflection ratio curve translation because of the angle change among sensor, targets and observation direction, and the average and variance images can be introduced to solve the problem of two kinds of geo-target with similar spectral forms and much different values of whole reflectionratio. It is suggested that "red edge" range bands of vegetation, which has close relationship with vegetation cover and biomass, is the main characteristic bands and important basis for careful vegetation classification and quantitative retrieval, and pixel-based derivative spectral analysis is very useful for removing the effects of soil background values and quantitatively retrieving vegetation biomass and cover. The remote sense quantitative retrieval model is developed for main appraisable factors of desertification monitoring assessment with imaging spectrometer data and then the applicability of model is analyzed.

研究结果如下：首先针对荒漠化地区的地物特征，对高光谱数据不同波段的数据质量、波段组合进行了评价，提出了适用于荒漠化监测的基本波段选择集；初步了解和掌握了研究地区的地物光谱特性及变异规律，进一步明确了掌握地物光谱特征和变异规律是用成像光谱仪数据提取地物信息的基础；发现了基于光谱整体形状的分类方法在很大程度上能够消除由于传感器、地物目标观测方向之间的角度变化引起的反射率曲线整体平移的&同物异谱&现象，对于谱形相似而整体反射率的值相差较大的两类地物，通过引入均值和方差图像参与分类得到解决；研究还表明在植被&红边&范围内的波段是进行荒漠化监测的主要特征波段，这些波段与植被生物量和盖度都有密切的关系，是开展精细植被分类研究和植被定量反演的重要基础；像元的导数光谱分析可以消除土壤背景的影响，是进行植被生物量和盖度定量反演的有力工具；建立了荒漠化监测主要评价因子的定量反演模型，并分析了模型的适用性。

This method consists of two steps: first, the image is divided into numbers of nonoverlapping blocks and the GMRF parameters are computed for each of these blocks, then a clustering method is used to merge these blocks, a coarse segmentation and texture types of the image are obtained. Second, a deterministic relaxation neural network is constructed, the parameters of the model estimated from the first step are used as input data, through neural network computation, a fine segmentation is obtained.

提出一种基于高斯-马尔可夫随机场和神经网络的无监督纹理分割方法，方法分为两步：第一步先将图像分为不重叠的小块，在小块中计算GMRF参数，并将此参数和该块的均值、方差作为该块的特征向量，然后进行聚类，得到原图像的一个初始分割和图像中所包含的类别数；第二步构造一个决定性松弛的神经网络，将第一步得到的结果作为初始输入，经过神经网络计算，得到一个精确的分割结果。

Resultantly, the individual warm/cold events in ENSO cycle appear to be partially locked to the annual cycle, and also exhibit obvious irregularity both in amplitude and in lasting time.

本文第四章研制设计了一包含海洋表面边界层和大气辐合反馈过程的热带太平洋海气耦合异常模式，进而利用该模式对ENSO循环进行了较为真实的模拟，通过对模式ENSO循环的演变特征及其形成机制的细致分析，建立了-ENSO循环的非线性分析模式，并提出了ENSO循环形成的一种更为客观的理论，指出：1）和观测事实类似，模式ENSO循环确实涉及了三种主要时间尺度过程即LF、QB和AC，其中LF为3-4年主周期振荡，QB占总方差10～20%；2）ENSO循环的正反馈机制是不稳定海气相互作用过程，且这一不稳定过程的发展在暖态中明显强于冷态；3）ENSO循环的负反馈机制在冷暖态中表现不同，在冷态消亡过程中，这种负反馈过程主要表现为西边界反射产生的时滞效应，但在暖态消亡过程中不存在类似的时滞效应，其负反馈过程主要表现为在海气耦合不稳定充分发展时伴随的赤道两侧冷水上翻过程的加强以及非线性过程的衰减作用抑制了不稳定的发展并最终使得系统回复至冷态；4）ENSO循环的3-4年主周期振荡是一非线性系统的自激振荡现象，其形成是线性系统的本征模即准两年振荡通过非线性机制产生的周期加倍所致，其中&单向性&大气辐合反馈加热过程对其形成至关重要；5）虽然年循环过程对ENSO循环形成没有本质影响，但它可明显影响ENSO循环的具体振幅和位相，使得ENSO对季节循环有明显的&锁相&特征，并且也使得ENSO循环在振幅大小和时间长短方面呈现出明显的不规则性。

The Fourth part concludes the article with the inspirations based on the game analysis, which are changing corruption preferrence with honest and clean education; affecting payoff functions with improved supervision; circumscribing officers behavior with creative system; increasing bribery cost with changed laws; rebuilding linearity construction with triangle balance. The main points of the articles are as follows: 1. In methodology, there should be two paths for study of justice corruption----the therectical and demonstrative ways. 2. Confrontation of interests is the inner drive of interation between the players of justice corruption game. This drive pushes the orderly changes of justice corruption.

本文的基本观点包括：(1)在方法上，对司法腐败的研究应从思辩和实证两个角度著手，不应只强调思辩的作用；(2)利益的对抗性是司法腐败博弈的参与方互相发生作用的内在动力，这种动力推动了司法腐败的规律性变化；(3)任何司法官员都应首先被看成是一个社会中的&经济人&，有著自己的利益考量，而非物化的纯粹客体；(4)在司法腐败博弈中，案件性质、标的大小、&利益&种类、司法官员个人背景、行贿成本、受贿成本等因素都应受到足够的重视。

The ultramafic rocks outcropped at the Altyn region are all harzburgites. Remant grains of primary minerals have melted residual texture and elastic deformation texture under high temperature and pressure. The whole-rock analyses show their low TiO〓 contents (0.01～0.04%), low Al, Ca and high MgO contents and wide Mg〓 range (89.35～95.57). Rare earth patterns have two types, namely tabacco pipe-shped and LREE-shaped, of which the former is often seen. The chondrite-nomalized Yb values of these analyses are all lower than 1. The spinels have low Ti and high Cr content and most spinels have Cr# higher than 60. All of the above characteristics show that the ultramafic rocks in the Altyn fault zone are components of metmorphic peridotites of ophiolite from depleted mantle source and most ophiolites from this zone belong to supra-subduction zone type ophiolite with a few mid-ocean ridge basalt type.

阿尔金露头区的超基性岩全为方辉橄榄岩，残余的新鲜矿物颗粒发育有熔融残余结构和高温高压下塑性变形结构，全岩分析显示样品TiO〓的含量低，为0.01～0.04％，具有低的Al和Ca，MgO含量高，Mg〓为89.35～95.57；稀土配分型式有两种，即烟斗型和LREE亏损型，前者占绝大多数，Yb球粒陨石标准化后的值全都小于1；尖晶石低Ti高Cr，大部分尖晶石的Cr〓大于60，上述特征说明阿尔金超基性岩是蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩成员，来自亏损的地幔源区，阿尔金蛇绿岩大多属于俯冲带之上型蛇绿岩，有少量的大洋中脊型蛇绿岩。

This paper is composed of four parts: the first part is the exordium and explain the developing trend of researches of exchange rate volatility, the second part introduce the data that used in this article and describe the character of the object, the third part simulate the daily exchange rate of the ShangHai Stock Composite Price Index with ARCH models, the fourth part forecast the volatility of the daily exchange rate.

全文共分为四个部分：第一部分阐述了关于收益率波动研究的发展趋势，并总结了国内外基于ARCH 模型的一些实证研究成果；第二部分介绍了本文研究所使用的数据及处理方法，并对该数据的统计特征进行描述；第三部分引入ARCH 族模型对上证指数的日收益率序列进行拟合研究，通过拟合不同的模型揭示了日收益率波动过程中条件异方差的波动特征，定量的刻画了收益率波动的不确定性；第四部分将拟合的模型应用于对收益率波动的预测，分别从定性预测和定量预测两个角度介绍ARCH 族模型的应用实例。

Based on probability theory, a method for describing and calculating the collision probability between rendezvous and docking vehicle and debris is presented, and the method involves quantitatively analyzing the collision probability using quasi maximum instantaneous collision probability and total collision probability. The method calculating the indexes is developed, and the input required to perform a calculation includes the respective state vectors, position error covariance matrices and physical sizes of objects involved.(3) Two methods to analyze relative trajectory safety between chaser and target are developed, which are 3-sigma ellipsoid based methodology and collision probability based methodology.

1分析了交会对接各阶段面临的主要轨迹安全威胁，阐述了被动和主动安全策略、目标器的交会对接控制区域等保证交会安全的措施；(2)基于概率思想发展了线性和非线性运动情况下飞行器与空间碎片的碰撞判断方法，提出采用总碰撞概率和拟最大瞬时碰撞概率来综合描述飞行器与空间碎片的碰撞危险程度，推导了通过飞行器和空间碎片各自的状态矢量、位置误差协方差矩阵以及形状尺寸来计算碰撞概率的公式；(3)提出了两种分析追踪器和目标器之间相对轨迹安全的新方法：基于3σ椭球的轨迹安全分析方法和基于碰撞概率的轨迹安全分析方法。

This kind of gratings can be kept in the material for a long time. A mode of molecular reorientation was used to explain the formation mechanism of these gratings and it is well consistent with our experimental results. 3. Three kinds of azobenzene polymers P , P (MMA-co-GY7) and P (MMA-co-GO13) were synthesized by radical polymerization. High-density optical storage and the three-dimension (3D) microstructures in the azobenzene polymer films were presented. Twenty gratings have been stored on the same spot in our material. It is twice as many as the best recording that has been reported. It is the first time, a rectangular microstructure and a complicated double layers nesting six-pointed star microstructure are inscribed in it by using a simple two-wave couple setup.

采用共聚反应设计合成了单偶氮苯聚合物P、双偶氮苯聚合物P（MMA-co-GY7）和P（MMA-co-GO13）三种聚合物，研究了偶氮苯聚合物薄膜中的高密度光学存储和3维微结构，成功的将20套光栅储存在样品中同一个点上，是已有报道的两倍；并首次用简单的2波混频光路在该材料中刻写出长方格子和六角星型的微结构，在制作多重不同周期不同角度的高密度光栅结构实验过程中，发现不同周期光栅的刻写顺序对整个微结构形成的最终结果具有决定性的影响，并用相衬显微镜观察了这些微结构图像。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。