东南地区

The climate characteristics of TCP were analyzed with variance analysis,trend coefficient and linear regression technique,followed by comparison with those of annal total rainfall in East China.Results show that the spatial distribution of TC rainfall is not uniform in East China with the...

结果表明：华东地区登陆台风降水量空间分布不均匀，福建东南沿海地区最大，具有向西北方向递减的趋势，这种趋势与地形等因素有关；TCP的年际变化明显，9 a和15 a周期显著；TCP年代际变化表现为20世纪50年代最多，70年代前开始减少，比华北地区台风降水减少出现的时间提早10 a；TCP与总降水两者的时间演变特点差异较大。

China's southeast coastal areas in the Mainland to the central extension of the transition zone, leading to the mainland on the southeast coast is also an important one channel.

处于我国东南沿海地区向中部内地延伸的过渡地带，也是内地通向东南沿海的重要通道之一。

It shows the produce technology recorded by Aobotu only showed the one of the two-Zhe salt administrative setup in the Yuan Dynesty. The sea salt production increased greatly than before. The system of the administration of the Zhe salt administrative setup was province, salt administrative setup, the sub-administrative setup, saltern and Tuan .And the setup of the salt warehouse and the Piyansuo widely make the saltadministration more close. Like the region along the Bo sea. the transpotion and sale of salt by salt merchant were the main way. but the way allotting the salt to the people often existed in the region along the coast.

指出元代《熬波图》所载仅代表了元代两浙海盐区的生产技术；与宋相比，元代该地区盐课额急剧增加；就海盐的管理机构而言，两浙盐司形成了行省—盐司—分司—盐场—团为系统的管理模式，而盐仓和批验所的广泛设立使元代东南盐区的盐务管理更趋严密；东南盐区的食盐运销以商运商销为主，而沿海区域多行以人口来买食官盐的食盐法。

The Taipei Domain basically moved east-southeastwards or southeastwards relative to Penghu, at a rate of mm/yr from 1992 to 1998 November. The only exception is the southwest the Linkou Tableland, which moved southwestwards. Two area with larger velocities are distributed roughly sub-parallel to the river mouth of Tanshui River, while the area in between has smaller slip rate.

台北地区相对於澎湖GPS监测从1992年至1998年11月期间的位移方向，除了林口台地西南侧向西南方向位移外，其余地区大致向东南东或东南方向滑移，其地表水平位移速率大多在5 mm/yr以下，出现位移速率较大的两个区块连线与淡水河出海口的方向平行，另两个区块中间则呈现位移速率较小的情形。

Casuarina equisetifolia, introduced abroad into China in 1950s, has been showing good adaptability and high productivity. It play an important role in wind break and sand fixation, ameliorating ecological environment and offering timber along the southeast coast in China. To some extent, it has become one of the irreplaceable plantations in protecting plantation, particularly on the wind gap site.

木麻黄自从20世纪50年代引种到中国，在东南沿海地区已经有50多年的栽培历史，表现了很好的适应性和丰产性，在东南沿海建立了一道绿色的生态屏障，在防风固沙、改善生态环境和提供木材等方面发挥着巨大的作用，成为沿海地区造林的主要树种之一，特别在海岸风口地段的造林中具有不可替代的地位。

The mesoscale cyclonical feature in the surface stream near the coastal areas is not apparent while the typhoon approaching the main land. The surface southeast current of typhoon is divided into an east current and a southeast current, making for confluence of local currents and convection.

当台风移近大陆时，靠近沿海地区的地面流场中尺度涡旋特征并不明显，主要表现在台风近地面偏东南气流出现分支，形成偏东与偏东南气流，有利于在沿海地区形成局部气流汇合并引起或增强对流。

The result makes clear: 1 index of pressure of Chinese farmland zoology is older, be in ascendant trend, its are main the reason is our country farmland the area decreases in great quantities continuously and population increases;2 farmland pressure quickly to save time difference bigger, the farmland pressure of southeast and southwest is apparent prep above is mid with heighten of grade of index of pressure of zoology of farmland of municipality directly under the Central Government of upper zone;3 and southeast ministry area, upper, northwest and mid major area exponential grade is invariant, only mid with the decrescent of grade of index of a few district, but not apparent.

结果表明：1近11年的中国耕地生态压力指数比较大，并处于上升趋向，其主要原因是我国耕地面积持续大量的减少和人口快速的增加；2耕地压力省际差异比较大，东南和西南地区的耕地压力明显高于中部和北部地区；3直辖市和东南部地区耕地生态压力指数等级增高，北部、西北和中部的大部分地区指数等级无变化，仅中部和东北部的少数地区指数等级变小，但并不明显。

With the IAP Prediction System of Short-term Climate Anomaly, two sets of seasonal and extra-seasonal ensemble hindcasts have been performed during the period of 1980～1994 in order to assess the prediction skill of the IAP PSSCA with two different schemes The difference of the two schemes is in the different version of AGCM used, with the IAP AGCM 1 1 in one scheme and the IAP AGCM 1 2 with an improved surface albedo parameterization in the other Comparisons of the hindcast results with the observations show that IAP PSSCA is capable of predicting the precipitation anomaly to some extent In the eastern China largely affected by Asian monsoon and SST anomalies, the prediction skill is relatively high, especially in the Southeastern China where the anomaly correlation coefficient can reach as high as 0 50 in the severe flood and drought years This may suggest that the possible mechanisms for these severe disasters have been well captured by the IAP PSSCA The prediction skill is higher for the modified model AGCM 1 2 as the model's climatological state is well simulated This indicates that models with reasonable land process will improve the prediction skill for short-term climate prediction

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的短期气候距平数值预测系统，种版本的大气环流模式：AGCM 1.1和AGCM 1.2，分别以2月11～19日的9天大气观测值为初始场，以给定海温为边界场，对1980～1994年的15年的降水异常进行了两组集合后报试验。对试验结果进行定量评估表明：IAP PSSCA对降水异常具有一定的预测能力，特别是在中国东部受东亚季风及海温异常影响的地区，IAP PSSCA具有较高的预报技巧，其中以东南区域(包括江淮流域和华南地区)最高，尤其是对有洪涝灾害的降水异常年，距平相关系数在0.50左右，接近可供业务使用的要求，说明模式能够抓住在东亚季风区存在的某种物理机制，从而提高了这一地区的预报技巧；另外，两个大气环流模式相比，改进了地表反照率的AGCM 1.2的15年集合平均预测技巧略高于AGCM 1.1，特别是在华北地区，预测效果有明显提高，这表明改进地表反照率从而改进了模式的气候平均态的模拟，能提高气候模式的预测能力，说明较好的陆面过程引入模式对短期气候预测是有益的。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

If the tectonic uplift is not considered, the relief of Dabie orogen will reach at least 3km in Late-Cretaceous. As to the value of the relief reduction factor in Dabie orogen at 90Ma, the largest value appeared in northeast region, followed consecutively by the core and southeast Tanlu fault zone, with the smalleast value appeared in northwest and southwest region. The results reflect the strong uplift difference between core and North Huaiyang flank in Dabie orogen during doming extension period. Relief in the core region and southeast Tanlu fault zone is higher than those in the peripheral regions, northwest and southwest flanks are more stable than other regions.

如果不考虑构造抬升，大别造山带在晚白垩世地形起伏至少可达3km.90Ma时大别造山带地形起伏变化率在空间上呈现如下特征：东北区块最大，热窿核部其次，东南郯庐断裂区块再次，西北、西南区块最小，反映大别造山带热窿伸展期，核部与北淮阳翼之间强烈差异隆升，核部地形和东南郯庐断裂区块起伏高于周边地区，西北、西南两个翼部比其他地区稳定。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。