丘脑的

Division of Anatomy is primarily dedicated to teaching and research in anatomy including vertebrate morphogenesis, oxygen regulation of placental development, neural coding in the hypothalamus, neurogenesis, brain mechanisms of emotion, animal models for schizophrenia, the notochord and vertebral patterning, axon guidance in the developing brain, brain information processing in cerebellar cortex.

解剖学系主要致力于解剖学的教学与研究，研究领域包括脊椎动物形态发生，胎盘发育的氧调整，丘脑下部的神经编码，神经发生，情绪情感的脑机制，神经分裂症动物模型，脊索和脊椎模型，大脑发育时轴索控制，小脑皮层中的脑信息加工等。

Although an actie central nerous system is present by the eighth week of deelopment and a brainstem by the end of the first trimester (which could act as a rudimentary modulator of sensory information and motor actiity), Flower noted that the neocortex does not become a functional part of the neuraxis until at least mid-gestation when the thalamus (the major gateway for sensory input to the cerebrum) makes its first afferent contacts with the neocortex.

虽然在发育8周中枢神经系统即可有活性，在妊娠前三月结束时脑干具有活性（可充当感觉信息和运动功能的未完全发育的调制器），但是Flower表示，新皮质不会成为神经轴有功能的一部分，直到至少妊娠中期，丘脑（感觉传入大脑的主要通路）发挥其首先与新皮质系统输入联系的功能。

GnRH-ir fibers distribute in the various brain region from the olfactory bulb to the cerebellum. They are especially abundant in the hypothalamus, the preoptic area and the ventral telecephalon. The immunopositive reaction in precocious fish is evidently stronger than that in unprecocious fish, and there is only very weak reaction in the gonadal undeveloped fish. The differences are most obvious in the hypothalamus, but not in other areas.

性早熟大黄鱼的神经内分泌细胞对GnRH抗血清的免疫阳性反应明显，无论在细胞的数量和免疫强度都比未早熟鱼多和强，在性腺尚未发育的幼鱼脑中仅有弱的免疫阳性，这种差异在下丘脑外侧结节核及视前核处最为明显，在其它GnRH阳性部位则差异不显著。

A syringomyelic cavity in the cervical gray matter interrupts the crossing of pain-mediating spinothalamic fibers, causing a bilateral loss of pain and temperature and possibly bilateral flaccid paralysis of the muscles of the upper limbs.

一个脊髓空洞腔颈的灰色物质中断的交叉自於脊髓与丘脑纤维的调节导致两侧的丧失疼痛和温度也许肌肉松弛的麻痹上面的肢体。

From preoperative to six-month visits, the percentage of time with good mobility and without dyskinesias increased from 27% to 74% with subthalamic stimulation, and from 28% to 64% with pallidal stimulation.

在手术前到半年前的就诊中，接受丘脑下刺激的病患生活中活动机能良好没有行动不良的时间由原来的百分之二十七增加到百分之七十四，而接受苍白球治疗的患者则由百分之二十八提升至百分之六十四。

Results indicated that the GABAnergic system inhibition and pre-synaptic transmitter exhaustion may play an important role in short-term plasticity. And the short-term depression in thalamocortical visual pathway was strengthened when the cortex circuit get mature.

结果表明：GABA能系统的抑制作用和突触前递质衰竭很可能是决定该回路短时程抑制特性的主要因素；幼年大鼠与成年大鼠视觉系统短时程突触可塑性的对比研究表明，随着皮层回路的成熟，视觉丘脑至皮层通路的短时程突触抑制作用越来越强。

The results suggest that there is prominent short-term synaptic depression in the rat thalamocortical visual pathway. Presynaptic transmitter depletion and postsynaptic GABAergic inhibition are the main possible mechanisms of this synaptic depression. The short-term synaptic depression is helpful in neuronal correlated firing detection.

以上结果表明：丘脑皮层视觉通路具有显著的短时程突触抑制特性，突触前的递质耗竭和突触后的GABA能抑制系统很可能是产生视通路短时程突触抑制作用的主要机制，突触抑制作用有助于视觉系统对同步发放活动的检测。

The expression of GFAP in ILN was significant at 60 mm and it decreased obviously at 120 min after animal model induced. Conclusion Behavior changes in rats are mediated by visceralgia, which induces acute colitis. The change of GFAP in gliocyte, which is closely related with pain, emerged early and remarkably. The change of ILN, which is intensely related with emotion, appears lain.

大鼠痛行为学的变化是由于急性炎症引起的内脏痛而导致，与疼痛变化密切相关的胶质细胞中GFAP在脊髓内反应早且明显，而在与情绪变化密切相关的丘脑内的板内核群中变化相对较晚。

Two known genes lie within the implicated genetic interval. One is FTO (a locus associated with fat mass and obesity), which has been implicated in nucleic acid demethylation and is highly expressed in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; the other, called fantom, or FTM (KIAA1005 or RPGRIP1L), begins transcription at a location only 200 base pairs upstream from the 5' end of FTO. FTM is a structural component of the ciliary body, present on all cells, that plays a role in a wide range of cellular and organ functions.9 Elements of the cilium are mutant in Bardet Biedl syndrome, which includes obesity among its characteristic phenotypes.10

有两个已知的基因存在于基因间隔中，一个是FTO（与脂肪体积和肥胖相关的基因位点），它在核酸脱甲基中发挥作用并且在下丘脑弓状核中高表达，另一个称作FTM，其在FTO 5'-末端的上游序列仅200个碱基对中开始转录，FTM是睫状体的结构组成部分，在所有细胞中都要表达，并在细胞和器官功能中发挥广泛的作用。

Here, we show that NAPEs are secreted into circulation from the small intestine in response to ingested fat and that systemic administration of the most abundant circulating NAPE, at physiologic doses, decreases food intake in rats without causing conditioned taste aversion.

研究人员称，当老鼠被喂食脂肪多的食物时，它们的小肠制造许多NAPE并将它放进血流中，NAPE接着&旅行&到大脑中，关闭饥饿信号。老鼠吃了一顿油腻的食物后，NAPE的含量上升，但当它们仅仅吃蛋白质或碳水化合物后，则不会出现这种情况。NAPE集中在丘脑下部，该区域主要为调节饥饿感以及刺激食欲的神经元。

John Robbins lives with his family in Santa Cruz, California.

约翰罗宾和家人居住在加利福尼亚州的圣克鲁斯县。

The international background is mainly the economic ties among different nations tented to be widen and deepen at the peace and development times.

国际背景主要是和平与发展时代条件下的世界各国经济贸易联系的日益加深。