世纪

Almost all of the artists known to us, including Dürer of Renaissance, Rafeal, Holbein and Bruegel of 16th century, Rembrandt of 17th century, Goya of 18th century, Delacroix, Daumier, Gauguin and Munch of 19th century, Paul Klee, Picasso, Matisse, Brac, Rouault of 20th century, as well as some famous painters in modern period, have ever created some print paintings.

像大家都熟知的文艺复兴时期的丢勒、十六世纪的拉斐尔、贺尔拜因、布鲁盖尔、十七世纪的伦勃朗、十八世纪的戈雅、十九世纪的德拉克洛瓦、杜米埃、劳特莱克、高更、孟克、二十世纪的保尔·克利、毕加索、马蒂斯、布拉克、鲁奥……以及至近代的许多知名画家几乎没有不从事版画创作的。

However, wooden kotos have been found from the archeological sites of the Yayoi Period (3 BC-3 AD)and there have been several figurines of clay playing the koto found from the Kofun Period (3 AD-7 AD) as well.

大家公认的古筝是由中国在5世纪中叶所发明的，但是考古学发现，在日本弥生时代（公元前3世纪－公元3世纪）就已经有木制古筝了，而且，现代出土的古坟时代（公元3世纪－7世纪）时期的陶俑也有弹奏古筝的形象。

Jinan large number of cultural relics, cultural sites sun (22 century BC) Shungeng Hill, Yu Qin Great Wall to the Great Wall of Qi (3rd century BC), China's oldest buildings on the ground - Han Xiao Tang Hill headstone Kuok Temple (1st century BC), China's oldest stone pagoda - Sui Liu Si Menta port (7th century AD) and known as "the first plastic at home and" Ocean's colorful Lingyan Si Song Dynasty (11th century).

济南文物古迹众多，有舜文化遗址(公元前22世纪)舜耕山，有先于秦长城的齐长城(公元前3世纪)，中国最古老的地面房屋建筑——汉代孝堂山郭氏墓石祠(公元前1世纪)，中国最古老的石塔——隋代柳埠四门塔(公元7世纪)和被誉为"海内第一名塑"的灵岩寺宋代彩塑罗汉(公元11世纪)等。

Its three large chambers contain large numerous stalactites and stalagmites (as well as 19世纪 French

它的3个大型空间包括了无数的钟乳石和石笋（以及19世纪法国graffiti）。

This papper figures that the significant value that "three representative" momentous thought on socialistic affair of 21th century as bellow: its theoretic innvation on scientific socialism brought accurate guidance for socialistic affair development of 21th century;its new theory that based on deepening the knowledges about China's characteristics socialism has the meaning for generally guide socialistic affair of 21th century;it disclosed the factor that pushing forward the development in socialistic affa...

&三个代表&重要思想对21世纪社会主义事业的重大价值在于：它对科学社会主义的理论创新给21世纪社会主义事业的发展以正确指导；它在深化对中国特色社会主义认识基础上所作出的新的理论结论对21世纪社会主义事业具有普遍指导意义；它揭示了21世纪发展社会主义事业的动力问题；它指出了21世纪多模式社会主义新的共同本质规定性；它揭示了21世纪社会主义发展的新特点。

Second, there are four Chapters of this paper: Chapter I Russian History and the fate of intellectual in the 20thcentury, which unscrambles the very historical context reflected by Doctor Zhivago. It refers to the changes of Russian history and politics, the fate of Russian intellectual, the living condition of Pasternak in the torrent times. Chapter II The choice of fate by Russian intellectuals, specificly analyses different choices by different intellectuals, in order to prominent truly noble character of Russianintellectuals; ChapterⅢThe spiritual confusion of Russian intellectuals, analyses the basic formation of their spiritual confusion in the 20th century context of Russian History. It refers to the disjunction between reality and ideal, the tragedy of Hamlet-like character, and Zhivago-like spiritual orphan of Jew. Chapter IV The spiritual remolding of the Russian intellectuals, which profoundly analyzes the relationship among Tolstoyism, Christian faith and belief of the humanitarianism on the blue print of Doctor Zhivago's spiritual experiences, therefore, reflects the tropism of humanitarian value of Russia in the 20th century.

其次，正文部分共分四章：第一章&20世纪俄罗斯历史与知识分子的命运&，主要是从20世纪俄罗斯历史与政治变革、20世纪俄罗斯知识分子的命运、处在时代漩涡中的帕斯捷尔纳克的生存境遇等方面，来(来源：6a6aAB5eC论文网www.abclunwen.com)解读《日瓦戈医生》所反映的特定历史语境；第二章&俄罗斯知识分子的命运选择&，通过具体分析在特定的历史语境中，俄罗斯不同类型的知识分子对于命运的不同选择，以突出真正的俄罗斯知识分子高贵的人格品质；第三章&俄罗斯知识分子的精神困惑&，从理想与现实的脱节、&哈姆雷特式&的性格悲剧、日瓦戈式的&犹太精神孤儿&等方面，具体分析了20世纪俄罗斯历史语境中知识分子精神迷茫的基本形态；第四章&俄罗斯知识分子的精神重塑&，以日瓦戈医生的精神历练为蓝本，对20世纪俄罗斯知识分子的精神重塑与托尔斯泰主义、基督教信仰以及对人道主义的崇信的内在关系做了深刻解剖，从而折射出20世纪俄罗斯社会的人文价值取向。

Like the seventeenth-century Classicism,the eighteenth-century enlightening period blazoned forth the logos, but their essence is quite different: the seventeenth century is the worship time under the logos, while the eighteenth century is the break time between the logos and the faith."The seventeenth century is the century of Louis Fourteenth, while the eighteenth century is the century of Voltaire".

十八世纪启蒙时期与十七世纪古典主义时期同样宣扬理性，但二者理性内核的实质却是相差迥异，十七世纪是理性荫蔽下的膜拜时代，十八世纪是理性与信仰决断的时代，&17世纪是路易十四的世纪，18世纪是伏尔泰的世纪&。

But Mr Horspool's achievement is to show the sheer extent to which rebellion in its many different shapes and forms has been a continuous and conscious tradition shaping the behaviour of both the ruled and their rulers. The Levellers in the 17th century saw their oppression as dating from the imposition of the "Norman yoke" in the 11th century; the 19th-century Chartists took their inspiration from Magna Carta in the 13th century; and those late 20th- century rebels defying Mrs Thatcher's poll tax referred directly back to the Peasants' Revolt of the 14th century.

但是，霍斯普先生的成就在于他表明了：各种形式的反叛，在某种决定性的意义上，构成了一种有意识的，不断地在塑造着统治者与被统治者行为的历史传统。17世纪的平等派把他们所受到的镇压一直追溯到11世纪的&诺曼之轭&[注4]，19世纪的宪章派从13世纪的大宪章汲取灵感，而在20世纪后期反抗撒切尔人头税的人们，则把14世纪农民起义看作自己的直接渊源。

In about a century' s time, their livelihood of swidden agriculture has been changing greatly along with the natural and social environment change. Before 1950s, as a minor group frequently move in the subtropical mountainous area characterized by scarce arable land, high forest coverage rate and sparse population, Kemu people has long been engaged in swidden agriculture which was simple, called for no sophisticated production tools and was suitable for frequent movement. At that time, they adapted to the environment change mainly by moving frequently from one place to another, and their livelihood was featured by complete dependence on environment, frequent movement and swiddening without continuous cultivation. From 1950s to early 1970s, their way of adaptation changed into migration within defined territory and shortterm fallow featured by complete dependence on environment, migration within limited area and short fallow. In early 1970s, they leaned from outside to cultivate irrigated fields and plant cash forest and their livelihood was featured by complete dependence on environment and agro-forestry.

近一个世纪以来，随着其所处自然环境和社会环境的变迁，其刀耕火种的生计方式在不断地变化：20世纪50年代以前，作为频繁迁徙于山多地少、森林覆盖率高、人烟稀少的热带、亚热带山区的弱小族群，以开发容易，便于流动作业不需要复杂生产设施的刀耕火种为其传统的生计方式，主要以迁徙的方式对环境变迁进行调适，其刀耕火种生计方式的特征表现为完全依赖型、随意迁徙型、无轮作型；20世纪50年代至70年代，其主要以固定区域内迁徙和短期轮作的方式对环境变迁进行调适，其刀耕火种生计方式的特征表现为完全依赖型、在固定区域迁徙型、短期轮作型刀耕火种；20世纪70年代初，其主要以外文化——开拓水田及人工造林的方式对环境变迁进行调适，其刀耕火种生计方式的特征表现为部分依赖型、粮林轮作型刀耕火种；20世纪80年代以后，其主要以发展橡胶种植业对环境变迁进行调适，其刀耕火种生计方式的特征表现为暂时依赖型刀耕火种。

Indeed, we can find few exceptions to the long inflationary trend in the eighteenth century, the slight downturn in the second quarter of the nineteenth century, and the half-century upswing before the Great Depression.[12] It may be worth noting that while broad trends in grain prices are also recognizable in premodern Europe, the turning points are much less uniform from one region to another. There were the well-observed Price Revolution in the sixteenth century, the fall of prices in the seventeenth, renewed inflation in the eighteenth.

事实上，我们找到了——18世纪长期通货膨胀趋势和19世纪前半期相对低迷时期以及大萧条时期前半个世纪的高涨——一些例外，[12]可能没有注意到，虽然欧洲前现代化时期的谷物价格也是公认的，但是不同地区之间拐点则不尽相同。16世纪广为关注的价格革命，17世纪的价格下跌，18世纪的价格在此膨胀。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。