专制的

Firstly, facing up the serious national crisis, the deficiency of governmental efficiency of ching dynasty made monarchy lose the legitimacy. Secondly, the poverty of the thoughts of absolute monarchic powers and the rise of nationalism offered the advantage for the spreading of republicanism. Thirdly, there were contradictions and defects in the thoughts of reformist, which weakened the ideas of monarchy and made for the establishment of republicanism. Finally, in the evolution of political thoughts history from 1840, the thought of revolution replaced the notion of reformism and dominated the ideology. The establishment of republicanism was an inevitable result of the transformation.

共和思想在中国的确立，首先是晚清政局、政治统治有效性缺失，导致传统专制政体的载体——君主制失去合法性基础的结果；其次，中国古代君主制度下绝对君权理论的匮乏和近代民族主义的兴起，为清末民初共和思想的肇兴提供了便利；再次，立宪派关于君主立宪的理论存在着极大的缺陷和矛盾，削弱了这一主张的效力，反而起到了为共和思想张目的作用；最后，从近代以来中国政治思想史的演变来看，革命观念取代改良思潮成为思想界的主流话语，共和思想的确立正是这一转变的必然结果。

The achievements, which included his chant on unification of the state, the dissatisfaction on literary inquisition, the critique on autocratic tyrant, the yearning for policy of benevolence, the sympathy for women, some of his nationalistic consciousness, etc. implied active consciousness of running the state and ecumenically ordering, profound philosophical connotations and many social political thoughts.

在这些经史考证成果中，隐含着积极的经世意识和深刻的义理内涵，隐含着诸多社会政治思想，其中包括他对国家统一的颂扬，对文字狱的不满，对专制暴君的批判，对仁德之治的向往，对广大妇女的同情，也包括他的某种民族意识，等等。

Comte, in particular, whose social system, as unfolded in his Systeme de Politique Positive, aims at establishing (though by moral more than by legal appliances) a despotism of society over the individual, surpassing anything contemplated in the political ideal of the most rigid disciplinarian among the ancient philosophers.

其中要特别指出孔德，他的社会思想体系，如他在&论现实的政治&一书中所展示的，目的就在于建立一种社会对个人的专制（虽然用道德的工具多于用法律的工具），竟超过了古代哲学家中最严格的纪律主义者在其政治理想中所曾思议到的任何东西。

According to the idea of "respecting higher level body and overweighing relatives", the rewards and punishments system can't be acted fairly.the idea of obligation-based causes power concentration and makes people abandon the ego benefits in rewards and punishments.the equal idea is an important reason to result in standard faintness in prize and abuse punishment and praise.

四是小农经济及专制统治下形成的均平观念是造成奖惩标准的模糊及滥施奖励的重要原因。最后，本文根据中国人事行政制度改革的目标要求，分析了新的人事行政文化价值观念的主要内容，并探讨了树立新的人事行政文化价值观念的途径。

A good, generous prayer it was, and went into details: it pleaded for the church, and the little children of the church; for the other churches of the village; for the village itself; for the county; for the State; for the State officers; for the United States; for the churches of the United States; for Congress; for the President; for the officers of the Government; for poor sailors, tossed by stormy seas; for the oppressed millions groaning under the heel of European monarchies and Oriental despotisms; for such as have the light and the good tidings, and yet have not eyes to see nor ears to hear withal; for the heathen in the far islands of the sea; and closed with a supplication that the words he was about to speak might find grace and favor, and be as seed sown in fertile ground, yielding in time a grateful harvest of good.

这是一篇很好的、内容丰富的祷告词，面面俱到：它为教堂和里面的孩子们祈祷；为全县向主求福；为漂泊在狂风暴雨的海洋上可怜的水手们求福；为被迫在欧洲君主制度和东方专制制度铁蹄下呻吟着的数万劳苦大众求福；为那些有了教主的光和福音而熟视无睹、充耳不闻的人求福；为远处海岛上的那些异帮教徒求福；最后牧师祈求天主恩准他所说的话，希望他的话像播种在肥沃土地里的种子一样，将会开花结果，造福无穷。阿门。

If we adhere faithfully to the Charter of the United Nations and walk forward in sedate and sober strength seeking no one's land or treasure, seeking to lay no arbitrary control upon the thoughts of men; if all British moral and material forces and convictions are joined with your own in fraternal association, the highroads of the future will be clear, not only for us, but for all; not only for our times, but for a century to come.

如果我们忠诚的遵守联合国宪章，稳重的前行，克制实力的使用，不寻求任何个人的领土和财富，不寻求对人们的思想进行专制控制；如果所有不列颠的道德和物质的信心和力量与你们自己的以兄弟般协作联合在一起，这将不仅为我们也为所有的人，不仅为我们的时代也为将来的一个世纪，清除通往未来大道上的障碍。

Let us study the law of nature; search into the spirit of the British Constitution; read the histories of ancient ages; contemplate the great examples of Greece and Rome; set before us the conduct of our own British ancestors, who have defended for us the inherent rights of mankind against foreign and domestic tyrants and usurpers, against arbitrary kings and cruel priests; in short, against the gates of earth and hell.

我们的祖先已经爲我们保卫了人类的固有权利，即反对国内外暴君和篡权者，反对专制国王和残酷的神父，总之，反对人间和地狱之门的权利。让我们阅读、回顾、铭记我们自己更直系的祖先在离开他们土生土长的国家，来到这凄凉的荒野时的意图和目的。

My friends, we have met here today to celebrate the idea that has prompted thousands of working-people of Louisville and New Albany to parade the streets of that prompts the toilers of Chicago to turn out by their fifty or hundred thousand of men; that prompts the vast army of wage-workers in New York to demonstrate their enthusiasm and appreciation of the importance of this idea; that prompts the toilers of England, Ireland, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Austria to defy the manifestos of the autocrats of the world and say that on May the first, 1890, the wage-workers of the world will lay down their tools in sympathy with the wage-workers of America, to establish a principle of limitations of hours of labor to eight hours for sleep , eight hours for work, and eight hours for what we will.

朋友们，我们今天在这里集会，爲实行八小时工作日制度的要求吶喊。在国内，这一要求已促使路易斯维尔和新奥尔巴尼成千上万的工人们上街游行，激励了芝加哥的工人一批又一批地行动起来，激发了纽约工薪劳动大军的热忱，并使他们意识到这个问题的重要性。在国际上，这一要求鼓舞了英国、爱尔兰、德国、法国、意大利、西班牙和澳大利亚的劳动者，他们不顾世界上专制君主的禁令，宣布在1890年5月1日，全世界的工人将举行罢工，声援美国工人的斗争，要求实行八小时工作日制度，让工人有八小时睡眠、八小时自由支配的时间。

There is a long-stand point that the Chinese who have been through thousands of years of autarchy are not fitting for and also impossible to have democracy. And even the places like Singapore, Hong Kong and Macau don't pretty enjoy democracy. However, Taiwan contradicted such a theory with her historic performance in these few days, indicating that Chinese people are great —- we have not only created a splendid civilization in history and resurrected even after the western exploitation, but also self-questioned and refreshed ourselves so as to step on a main avenue of human civilization.

长期有一种言论，认为中国人经历了几千年的专制，不适合也不可能搞民主，即使经济发达的新加坡，港澳这些华人地区，也谈不上什么民主，但是台湾用它这几天堪称伟大的表现历史性的戳破了这一理论，他证明了中华民族是伟大的民族，不仅在长期的古代历史中创造了辉煌的文明，不仅在西方列强的宰割中浴血重生，再次掌握自身命运。

With his dissimulation and compensating zeal, his accommodations and rationalisations, his mix of motives (careerism, but also fear and genuine belief) and his proximity to the suffering he nevertheless condoned, Simonov provides exemplary answers to the questions that weave through the book.

菲奇斯这样安排，是为了重现&生活在斯大林专制之下的苏联平民的内心世界&，也就是利用信笺、日记以及采访（部分来自于无畏的Memorial人权组织），来让那些死亡真相被隐瞒的人获得&重生&——曾经公诸于世的死亡统计左右了人们对斯大林主义本质的认识，纳粹对犹太人的大屠杀亦是如此（公开的人数混淆了德国人对纳粹本质的认识，通过信笺、日记等方式，同样也揭露了它的本质和事实真相——译者注）。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。