不经济

In the view of system theory,different structure has the different function,different institutional structure hasn't the same effect on the economic growth;taken institutional interfuse and conflict,the most effective arrangement of istitution is that can be come true the ...

从系统论的视角来看，不同的制度结构，其对经济增长的作用是不一样的；从制度融合与冲突的视角看，最有效率的制度安排是能够实现外在制度与内在制度的融合，反之，将会削弱外在制度规则的有效实施，降低制度效率，成为经济增长的绊脚石；从制度效率的视角进行考察，好的制度结构能通过制度效率的提高来促进经济增长，差的制度结构则降低制度效率；如果内在制度与外在制度融合得好，人为设计的制度质量就高，其能够有效实施并发挥出相应的制度效率，从而促进经济的有效增长，相反，就可能对经济增长产生负作用。

This paper discussed the steeringand inducing of resource elements for agricultural production of the managerial mechanismof government and described the overall situation of economy in the Han Dynasty, such ascauses for the development of family economy in the West Han Dynasty, unbalanceddevelopment of agricultural economy among different areas, especially Jiang-huai Regionwhich was backward in the West Han Dynasty, causes for the huge differences amongdifferent areas in terms of the development and diffusion of ironware, causes for thediffusion of agriculture-oriented culture and the environmental effect of farmlandexploitation. All these social phenomena were closely related to the various managerialmechanisms of the government.

本文通过探讨汉代政府管理机制对农业经济各种生产资源要素的引导和诱使，基本揭示了汉代农业经济发展的宏观面貌，诸如小农经济在西汉整体性发展的原因、区域农业经济长期发展不平衡，尤其是江、淮等地在西汉一代农业经济发展长期滞缓、铁农具的发展与普及区域间差异较大的原因、农耕文化流浸的社会诱因以及农田开发过程中对环境的影响等，这些农业进程中的社会、经济现象均与政府管理的各种机制作用息息相关。

The CCFG is a kind of economical activity with positive externality, its final products offered -the ecological benefits belong to the pure public goods, the nature of the economical compensation is to internalize the externality of the CCFG, so an economical compensation mechanism should be established with the government playing a leading role. The compensation receivers should be not only peasant households but also the county-level authority that performs the project. Besides central government, the compensation payers should still include the provincial-level governments who implement the project, the provincial-level governments of those beneficiary areas of midstream and downstream of basin, international organizations, enterprises and individuals, etc. Multiple channels of raising funds for the program should be worked out and the practice method should be transformed. Thediversified compensation ways should be chosen. In reality, insufficient compensation is the normality, the cost compensation may have more maneuverability. The decision-maker should carry on proper adjustment to the compensation standard, taking into account the factors about the environment conditions, the social-economic conditions, the ecological function of vegetation, etc. and make out different compensation criterions for different areas and different levels. The author puts forward it should be kept the policy of financial subsidies to the farmers who reforest ecological forest for a long term, should prolong the compensation time frameworks to the farmers who reforest economical forest.

本文认为，退耕还林还草是一项具有正外部性的经济活动，其提供的最终产品—生态效益属典型公共产品，经济补偿的实质就是要实现这种外部性的内部化，故应构建以政府为主导的经济补偿机制；补偿对象除了退耕农户以外，还应包括实施退耕还林还草的县级政府；补偿主体除中央政府外，还需将退耕地区省级政府、流域中下游受益地区的省级政府、国际社会、企业和个人等纳入其中；多渠道筹措退耕还林还草补偿投入资金，切实转变经济补偿的运作方式；选择相互协调、相互补充的多样化补偿方式；现实中，不充分补偿是常态，实行成本补偿更具可操作性；应对补偿标准进行适当调整，在综合考虑退耕地区自然环境条件、社会经济状况以及林草植被的生态功能等多种因素的基础上，制定分区分级补偿标准：对还生态林应采取长期补偿政策，对还经济林也要适当延长补偿年限。

The economy reform namely is the course of the relation between the two right-about from out of line to in line, from restrict to stimulate each other. Before the economy reform don抰 gain the complete achievement, the II?

在经济改革未取得完全成功之前，传统经济体制主要从三个方面制约了经济增长方式的转变：政府角色错位、区域经济布局与部门经济结构不合理、企业尚未真正确立市场主体地位。

The results indicated that (1) the economy in Zhejiang Province was in the developing stage of unchanged scale wage;(2) the inputoutput elasticity coefficients was the most sensitive to labour element among the factors which had effect of economic growth in Zhejiang Province.The results showed that the coefficient was 0.538 5 in labour element while the coefficients were 0.247 3 in land element and 0.321 6 in fixed asset elements respectively;（3）the contribution of the input of fixed assets was 6823% and still the major impetus to economic growth during this time;(4)the land use was not intensive basically in Zhejiang Province,the input of land elements was replaced by that of other elements during the study.So,labour intensive industry should be one of the industries in the future.

研究结果表明：(1)就规模效应而言，浙江省的经济增长处于规模报酬不变的发展阶段；(2)浙江省经济增长对劳动力要素的投入最为敏感，其中土地要素、劳动力要素和资本要素增加1个单位的投入量对经济增长的推动为 0.247 3、0.538 5 和 0.321 6；（3）固定资产投入在研究期间是浙江省经济增长的主要推动力，其贡献率达到6823%，而劳动力要素与土地要素则分别为2346%和625%；(4)浙江省土地利用不够集约，在研究期间土地要素对经济增长的影响能被资本要素与劳动力要素有效替代，而劳动力要素则难以被资本投入与土地投入有效替代，劳动集约型产业应该成为浙江省未来发展方向之一。

Due to Jin's use of negative shots, this series of photographs does not correspond to the realist reflectionist theory right from the very beginning. It does not reflect or present any social phenomenon. Instead, it transforms the phenomenon into a problem situation that offers and invites review. In contemporary art, to intervene society by way of negation is strategic, as can be seen in Jin's Great Economic Retreat: the images featuring empty factory buildings reveal more than that. When the enlarged photos are exhibited in a museum gallery, Jin's real question surfaces: is what post-colonial economy brought China a blessing or a curse?

金江波的这组《经济大撤退》图片由于用了否定性的镜头而使得它一开始拍摄的时候就不是现实反映论的，它不是去反映和呈现了社会的什么现象，而是将这种社会现象转换为一种问题情境，提供给人们反思，而在当代艺术中，否定性地介入社会是它的核心，就像金江波的《经济大撤退》，图片虽然呈现了空厂房，但不只是呈现了空厂房，当这些图片通过放大展示在美术馆中，那些后殖民经济对中国来说到底是喜还是忧才是金江波想要问的？

Secondly,based on the sense of money equilibrium and AO-test technique,this paper recalculates the degree of excess money,and finds that there exits greater degree excess money during 1979 to 2007,but the degree has been dropped greatly since 1990s.

从&超额货币&的内涵来看，其不仅包括执行流通手段职能的货币量，而且还应该包括执行贮藏等各种职能的货币量；第二是采用供求均衡意义上的&超额货币&程度的算法，在变量中引入制度及虚拟经济发展的因素，在方法中采用AO检验法对长期因素做了阶段性划分，并在此基础上运用协整检验法对我国的&超额货币&程度进行了测算，结果发现在1979年-2007年间，我国的确存在着较大规模的超额货币，但是，在20世纪90年代之后，我国的超额货币程度出现了较大幅度的下降；第三是采用阶段分析法对我国超额货币的引致原因进行了实证分析，检验结果显示，货币化、虚拟经济的发展和边际消费倾向的变化都在不同程度上造成了我国超额货币程度发生变化，其中：货币化在1979-1990年间和1991-2007年间对&超额货币&程度的影响方向是相反的，虚拟经济的发展与&超额货币&程度的变动具有反向的影响，货币结构的变化对&超额货币&程度的变动具有正向影响，而居民消费对&超额货币&程度在1979-1990年间无显著影响，但是在1990-2007年间有正向的影响；第四是对&超额货币&程度的变化对我国经济金融的影响进行了理论和实证分析，结果显示：&超额货币&程度的变化对我国的经济增长、物价和汇率的变动都有着较为明显的影响，其中，对物价和汇率的影响是正向的，对经济增长的影响在长短期是不一致的。

As to domestic sector, the author discuss the influences of different exchange rate regime on growth, inflation, economic stability and financial deepening, and agues that:(1) the relatively fixed exhange rate regimes are more pro-growth for emerging economies;(2) the relatively fixed exchange rate regimes can be useful for control of inflation in developing countries, but it can also be replaced by other monetary rules like inflaiton-targeting;(3) fixed exchange rate regime woulde better to deal with nominal shocks when floating exchange rate regime better to deal with real shocks, but both of them can not entirely insulate the external shocks;(4) the improvement of financial deepening is faster under relative fixed exchange rate regimes.

从国内经济部门看，不同汇率制度对经济增长、通货膨胀、经济稳定、金融深化等关键变量具有不同影响：（1）对于新兴市场国家来说，相对固定的汇率制度更有利于促进经济增长；（2）相对固定的汇率制度有利于抑制通货膨胀，但也可以由其他货币规则替代；（3）固定汇率更适合应对名义经济冲击，浮动汇率更适合应对实际经济冲击，二者都不能隔离外部冲击；（4）在相对固定的汇率制度下，金融深化发展更快。

Besides, the researchers also indicate that under different market structure, the property and degree of scale economy is different.

本研究结合市场经济与规模经济从理论及实证两个方面进行分析，其研究结果显示，在完全竞争的市场结构中，规模经济是不确定的，而在不完全竞争的市场结构中，不仅存在规模经济，而且企业存在最小最佳规模，达不到有效规模的企业在竞争中处於不利地位。

The urbanization promotion should relay on industrialization, the promotion of agricultural modernization should be based on Urbanization, there are no great gross economy and the total wealth without industrialization of high-quality.

第三章研究从工业化和农村工业化的内涵及理论入手，分析了农村工业化的理论依据、农村工业化的发展历程及制约因素，集中论述县域经济与工业化的相互关系，研究分析认为，没有工业化就没有现代化，要发展壮大县域经济，缩小地区差距、城乡差距、工农差距，其核心就是工业化；城镇化的推进要以工业化为依托，农业现代化的推进要以工业化为基础，工业化上不去，经济总量就上不来，财富总量也上不来。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。