不等于

When the termination pressure in the reversible adiabatic expansion process is equal to that in the irreversible adiabatic expansion process, the external work in the former is equal to the expansion work, however that in the latter is less than the expansion work.

指出了文献[1]中关于闭口系统不可逆绝热过程分析存在的问题，认为闭口系统绝热膨胀过程对外所作的功等于热力学能降，而非膨胀功等于热力学能降。

PART 1 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Basics UNIT 1 A UNIT 2 A UNIT 3 A UNIT 4 A UNIT 5 A UNIT 6 A UNIT 7 A Electrical Networks ———————————— 3 B Three-phase Circuits The Operational Amplifier ——————————— 5 Logical Variables and Flip-flop —————————— 8 Power Semiconductor Devices —————————— 11 Types of DC Motors —————————————15 AC Machines ———————————————19 Electric Power System ————————————22 B Transistors B Binary Number System B Power Electronic Converters B Closed-loop Control of DC Drivers B Induction Motor Drive B Power System Automation PART 2 Control Theory UNIT 1 A B UNIT 2 A UNIT 3 A UNIT 4 A The World of Control ————————————27 Stability and the Time Response ————————— 30 The Root Locus ————————————— 32 The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29 B Steady State————————————————— 31 B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams ————— 33 The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots ————— 34 B Nonlinear Control System 37 UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory B B B PART 3 B B B State Equations Optimum Control Systems Artificial Neural Network Computer Control Technology 42 43 44 Fundamentals of Computer and Networks The Applications of Computers 46 40 38 UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and Stability UNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent Control UNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices UNIT 3 A PLC Overview PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of Control 1 UNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49 B B PART 4 B B B B PART 5 B B B B PART 6 Understanding DSP and Its Uses Embedded Systems Design Process Control 50 52 53 Fundamentals of Process Control UNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded Systems UNIT 1 A A Process Control System UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters Final Control Elements and Controllers PID Controllers and Other Controllers Control Panels Control Based on Network and Information Evolution of Control System Architecture Stability of NCSs with Network-induced Delay Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in Automation Enterprise Resources Planning and Beyond Synthetic Applications of Automatic Technology UNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI Controllers UNIT 4 A Indicating Instruments UNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application Areas UNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control Systems UNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database System UNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated Manufacturing UNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine Drivers B B B System Evolution in Intelligent Buildings A General Introduction to Pattern Recognition Electric Vehicles UNIT 2 A Industrial Robot UNIT 3 A Renewable Energy 2 UNIT 1 A

电路 电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器，电感器和电容器等元件组成。如果网络不包含能源，如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性。就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。在数学上表达为： u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R =电阻，欧姆。纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt =电流变化率，安培/秒； L =感应系数，享利。电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷 q 。因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量 dq 的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u=，式中电容量 C 是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为 i = dq/dt。因此电荷增量 dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或 dq = i dt，那么等式(1-1A-3)可写为式中 C =电容量，法拉。

The amplifiers chosen must be compensated for unity-gain operation and R6 and R7 must be chosen to minimize output errors due to input offset current.

注释 2：(NE5532 注) R4U i =0 R3 首先，对节点处的电流讨论是没有意义的，流入节点的电流一定等于流出节点的电流，再者，I3 与 I4 不是等大反相的关系，分析如下： 40 An Applications Guide for OP Amps 由于此时 OPA1 处于反相放大状态，其输出电压 U o1 压误差按照设计思路，此时 A2 的输出应该等于 U o1 ，则电流方向如上图。

Nuclear DNA content analysis revealed that hybrid plants had different nuclear DNA content:higher,lower than the parental sum or equal to it.Contrast to the lower and equal hybrids,bigger amount of hybrids with higher DNA content had abnormal leaf,bad growth vigour and poor fertility.

结果表明：杂种形态变异广泛，多数呈中间类型，少数呈偏亲性状；杂种细胞DNA含量不一致，呈现大于、等于、小于双亲细胞DNA含量之和的类型；DNA含量大于双亲之和的杂种与DNA含量等于或小于双亲之和的杂种相比，有较高比例的材料叶型出现畸形和植株生长势弱，育性也更差。

If a class has no , and teaching is meaningless to the development of the teacher or the students, or teaching has side effects, then teaching human being means teaching objects, so teaching is worse than no teaching; If a class is of no effect, then teaching means nothing; If efficiency can not be found , what is the difference between a class and a campaign in which you annihilate a maniple of enemy at the cost of a brigade? more a loss than gain; Without magnetism, like a sheet of loose sand, crystal will not come into being, full development will be out of the question, let alone sustainable development.

如果一堂课没有价值，教学对学生、对老师的发展没有意义或者造成负面的影响，那么教人等于教物，教小于不教；如果一堂课没有效果，那么教等于白教；如果一堂课没有效率，无异于战役中吃掉了敌人一个连，自己损失了一个旅，得不偿失；教学没有磁性，好比一盘散沙，没有结晶，谈不上充分发展，更不用说可持续发展了。

In Penology, the function of punishment means the inevitable connection between the crime and the criminal sanctions, at this angle, the economic sanctions under the UN have no function of punishment; in Science of Civil Law, punishment, which is defined in the punishing ...

刑法学关于惩罚功能的精髓是在刑事不法行为与刑事制裁之间建立必然联系，从这个角度来看，联合国经济制裁不具有惩罚功能；民法学在"惩罚性赔偿"的定义中，将惩罚界定为"对不法行为者施加的'害'大于不法行为本身导致的'害'，而不是等于或大致等于不法行为本身导致的'害'"，从这个角度来看，联合国经济制裁不一定具有惩罚功能；法理学认为"惩罚"就是"施加不利"，从这个角度来看，联合国经济制裁应该具有惩罚功能因素。

In the middle later period of diagenesis, the starting resistance increases, the fluid is not able to flow, the viscous resistance is equal to zero, the ultra-pressure value is equal to starting resistance.

在成岩作用的早期阶段，泥质岩层启动阻力较小，流体可以流动，流体超压由粘滞阻力和启动阻力两部分组成，当成岩作用进入到中－晚期以后，泥质岩层启动阻力增大，流体不能流动，粘滞阻力近似等于零，超压值等于启动阻力值。

When the ethanol content is blow 60% or above 90%, zein solution can't form a film.

当配制zein的乙醇浓度小于或等于60％以及大于或等于90％时，均不能成膜。

Zhang Ruimin says, in the environment of financial crisis, be equal to without order not " food ", not starved to death also meet hunger is dizzy; Had a product to cannot change quickly however now, become stock, did not have cash to flow, be equal to not " the dress ", still want to freeze to death.

张瑞敏说，在金融危机的环境里，没有订单就等于没有&食物&，不饿死也会饿晕；有了产品却不能迅速变现，成为库存，没有了现金流，等于没有&衣服&，还是要冻死。

Everybody knew if been conscripted for the labor also meant to leave the life on the Great Wall, and also meant they could not get together with their family again.

所有人都知道，被抓去服徭役，就等于要将自己的命留在长城上，就等于再也不会与自己的家人有团聚的一天。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。