不均匀度

An optical system of measuring system is constituted by a illuminating system and a magnifying system. The illuminating system adopts a far center illuminating mode to make the illumination unified. The magnifying system all adopts object far center optics path to eliminate the error for out of focus. The objective is a plan and apochromat to make image clear. The operator adjusts focus with parameters provided by computer.

论文分析了纤维细度测量系统的光学系统：照明系统采用远心柯勒方式，实现物面的均匀照明；成象系统采用物方远心光路，减少离焦对纤维细度测量的影响；物镜采用平场消色差物镜，消除因为象差引起的图象变形和不清晰，为纤维细度的高精度测量奠定基础；在图象清晰度判别中采用计算机计算参数结合人工调整的方法，既保证结果的客观性，又使系统简化。

In traditional, the working probe naturally sustaining repeated bending actions and wear, absolutely needs a mechanism to prevent it from being damaged, caused by the change of the probe's geometry and the increase of the contact resistance. Therefore, in this study, we develop a CMOS-based chip in connection with the electroformed probes to detect each of their counterforce, contact resistance to evaluate if their contact force and coplanarity are controlled within safe range.

传统上，探针常因为弯曲作动和磨耗，使几何形状产生改变，进而电阻值提升，使过大的电流通过探针而烧毁，或因共面度不佳部分探针未能确实接触IC焊垫误判成断路，故晶片的制作重点在於监测探针卡上个别探针的回馈力量，当探针量测IC时，可进行即时探针反作用力、接触电阻的检测，进而了解探针卡工作时受力是否均匀、平坦度是否符合要求等性质。

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

In the same way failure area is not single andis more complex with decrease of scale of specimens. And failure shape ismore close to quasi-brittle failure. It varies with homogeneousness that thescale of specimens at which failure shape changes.(3) The failure shape of homogeneous specimens with crack is controlledby crack. But that of heterogeneous specimens with crack is controlled bycrack and heterogeneousness.(4) Acoustic emission doesnt appear until homogeneous specimens fail.

但对于不同均质度，试件破坏形态发生变化的尺度也不同；(3)对于均质度较高的含裂纹试件，试件的破坏形态主要受裂纹控制，而对于均质度较差的含裂纹试件，试件的破坏形态由试件材料的非均匀性和裂纹共同控制；(4)均质度较高的试件，破坏前，试件内不出现声发射，破坏瞬间，声发射在某些部位同时出现，且随尺度增大，试件声发射能量增大，声发射区趋于集中。

In the different zoning of xenoliths, molybdenum and tungsten contents is lower and homogeneous,and be lower than the world\'s average abundance; tungsten compared to molybdenum,the content more homogeneous in xenoliths, compared to mantle\'s average abundance more less. This explains the geochemistry incompatible character homophyly and diversity of molybdenum and tungsten determined their trend enrichment in crust in the course of the mantle evolution and magmatism, among molybdenum more trend enrichment in lower crust but tungsten in middle-upper crust.

包体不同带中，钼、钨的含量较低且较为均一，并低于世界均匀丰度；钨和钼相比，其在包体中的含量更为均一，相对于地幔均匀丰度更小，说明钨、钼的地球化学不相容性的类似性和差异性决定了它们在地幔演化和岩浆过程中倾向富集于地壳中，其中钼更倾向富集于下地壳，钨则更倾向富集于中上地壳。

Result shows that the pouring techniques of concrete have little influences on workability, slump, spread, surface crack and temperature control, but more on laitance.

结果表明，混凝土浇注工艺对和易性、坍落度、扩展度、表面裂缝、温度控制影响较小，对浮浆的影响较大；均匀振捣与超振剪力墙的浮浆厚度较大，抽芯试样强度合格，未振捣的剪力墙的浮浆厚度较小，但抽芯试样强度不合格；每层浇筑厚度宜控制在0.8～1m，且均匀布料振捣，该值能为现行规程的修订与完善提供试验数据参考。

Two series of polyurethane acrylate grafted acrylic resins (Acr-g-TPU-PETA and Acr-gPPU-PETA) self-emulsifying systems are obtained by grafting -NCO group modified polyurethane acrylates with acrylic copolymer prepared from n-butyl acrylate, styrene,βhydroxyethyl methacrylate and acrylic acid The self-emulsifying systems showed Newtonian fluidity with viscosity closed to that of water, the solid contents were around 30% The T〓 of 15～4℃ for dried film before photocuring favored film formation at room temperature DSC and DMA results showed that PU-PETA is compatible with acrylic resin in the grafted resin The TG and dTG curves for Acr-g-PU-PETA samples were substantially different from the corresponding blends, and the brodened dTG peaks for photocured grafted resin suggest that there might be multiple interactions among chain segments The photocued film of the grafted resins self-emulsifying system exhibited good overall properties with polyurethane acrylate grafts ranging from 30% to 50%, and Acr-g-TPU-PETA series showed better properties than Acr-gPPU-PETA series The adhesion of the photocured film was 1～2 grade, impact strength was 50kg-cm and flexibility was 1mm The Shore hardness and the adhesion of the film decreased markedly if PETA was replaced by HEMA as photoactive group due to the lower C=C double bond content in the grafted resin The polyhydroxy amine-linked thioxanthones photoinitiators can be evenly dispersed in self-emulsifying system without color spot appearing in the dried film The films photocured with IV〓～IV〓 generally exhibited higher Shore hardness, gloss and solventresistance than that cured with Irgacure 2959 and did not induce the rusting of the iron substrate Pigmenting with titanium oxide had no effect on the photocuring The polyhydroxy amine-linked thioxanthone IV〓 and IV〓 can be new candidates for the formulation of titanium oxide pigmented photocurable water-borne coatings for their pale-yellow appearance and slight interference with the color of the coatings WB 4759 with high water-solubility coalesced and separated from the dried resin film, and even induced the rusting of iron substrate.

以丙烯酸丁酯，甲基丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯，丙烯酸及苯乙烯合成厂丙烯酸共聚树脂，并与含-NCO端基的聚氨酯丙烯酸酯接枝反应，经水性化后，得到两个系列（Acr-g-TPU-PETA和Acr-g-PPU-PETA）各5个不同配比的丙烯酸树脂接枝聚氨酯丙烯酸酯自乳化体系，粘度与水相近，为牛顿流体，固含量30％左右。光固化前干燥涂膜的玻璃化转变温度在-15℃～4℃之间，有利于室温下成膜。DSC及DMA谱表明两种树脂基本相容。Acr-g-PU-PETA的热失重行为明显不同于共混材料，接枝样dTG峰明显宽化，表明接枝样中链段之间的相互作刚有多重性，丙烯酸树脂与聚氨酯之间有一定的相容性。接枝树脂自乳化体系光固化涂层的综合性能以聚氨酯丙烯酸酯成分为50％～30％者相对较好，且以Acr-g-TPU-PETA系列更理想。光固化膜的附着力为1～2级，冲击强度为50kg·cm，柔软性多为1mm。以HEMA代替PETA作为接枝树脂的活性基团，碳—碳双键密度太低，光固化膜交联点太少，硬度和附着力均较差。多羟基胺连硫杂蒽酮光引发剂能均匀分散于树脂自乳化体系和接枝树脂干膜中，不出现色斑，光固化膜肖氏硬度一般高于以Irgacure 2959为光引发剂的光固化膜，光泽度及耐丁酮溶剂性能均有所提高，不会诱导铁基生锈，钛白着色对光固化结果几乎没有影响。本论文所合成的多羟基胺连硫杂蒽酮光引发剂IV〓与IV〓为浅黄色，对光固化涂层的颜色干扰较小，为配制钛白着色光固化水性涂料提供了新的光引发剂。水溶性太强的WB 4759在干膜中易聚结析出，且对所附着的铁基有诱导锈蚀作用。

Breast-feeding children, normal is the appearance of large yellow or golden yellow, uniform consistency, such as paste, there is a sweet-sour smell, but does not smell, no obvious mucus occasional granular milk valve or Microstrip green, day 3 — 5 times a day and some children have up to 6-7 times defecation, but each time has very few, traits or increase the weight as usual, a good nutritional status, this is not sick, do not need any treatment.

母乳喂养的小儿，正常大便是外观呈黄色或金黄色，稠度均匀如膏状，有一股甜酸气味，但不臭，无明显粘液，偶有颗粒样奶瓣或微带绿色，每日3-5次，有的小儿每日排便也可达6-7次，但每次量不多，性状也好，体重照常增加，营养状态很好，这不是病态，不需要任何处理。

Breast-feeding children, the normal is the appearance of large yellow or golden yellow, pasty consistency, such as uniform, there is a sweet-sour smell, but does not stink, no mucus, occasional granular milk valve or microstrip green, day 3 — 5 times, and some children have up to 6-7 bowel movements a day times, but each has very few, traits or increase the weight as usual, a good nutritional status, this is not sick, do not need any treatment.

母乳喂养的小儿，正常大便是外观呈黄色或金黄色，稠度均匀如膏状，有一股甜酸气味，但不臭，无明显粘液，偶有颗粒样奶瓣或微带绿色，每日3-5次，有的小儿每日排便也可达6-7次，但每次量不多，性状也好，体重照常增加，营养状态很好，这不是病态，不需要任何处理。

In this paper, We present a novel algorithm for fuzzy segmentations of images that are subject to intensity inhomogeneities, such as magnetic resonance image.

对于那些受灰度不均匀性影响的图象，如磁共振图象，提出了一种新的基于有偏场的适配模糊聚类算法来产生它们的分割结果。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。