不可逆过程

Organic scale from asphaltene precipitation is one of main causes of formation damage,Therefore to take some effective prevention and remove measures is very necessary.

在原油开采过程中，原油中沥青质、胶质等重有机质会在岩石表面沉积，形成有机垢，造成不同程度的油气层损害，并且某些损害是永久性的、不可逆的，因此采取有效的预防措施至关重要。

CV data showed that Sbad on Au electrode yielded oxidation and reduction features at about 0.15 V vs saturated calomel electrode, SCE.

用电化学循环伏安法和电化学石英晶体微天平技术研究了Sb在Au电极上不可逆吸附的电化学过程。

The simplified formulas of synthesis mode of stress and strain for complexus theory of geomaterials damage in the condition of isotropic damage are provided.

损伤力学与断裂力学、疲劳分析理论全都属于破坏力学，是研究物质不可逆的破坏过程的科学。

The main results of the investigation are as following:(1) Some important criteria for the design of multi-layer structure are acquired: the ratio of the layer thickness to the contact diameter should be controlled to a value about 0.8; increasing the number of the gradient layers and elasticity modulus of the top layer would benefit to the yield strength and the stress status at the interface.（2）By means of molecular dynamics simulations for a indentation and sliding process, it is discovered that dislocations of 45 direction to the surface occur in the surfaces layer, which is correspond to the direction of the plastic flows observed in the macroscopic continuous medium. The irreversible deformation caused by the dislocation and the atom piles at the surface are responsible for the irreversibility of the force response. They are also the main factors for the friction generation. The temperature and the indentation velocity have significant effects on the deformation behaviors of the material of the surface layer. The yield strength would increase obviously if the indentation velocity is greater than 10 m/s.（3）A method to evaluate the fracture toughness of coating by estimating the crack-density functionβof a Wicker''s indentation was proposed. Meanwhile a new surface treatment technology was developed using non-equilibrium plasma.（4）A MD-FE hybrid method and corresponding software was developed to analysis the tribological behaviors for multiplayer system.

研究主要内容和结果有：（1）得到指导梯度膜设计的几个准则：控制膜层厚度与接触半径比在0.8左右为宜；适当增加梯度层层数和顶层弹性模量，有利于提高抗屈服能力和改善界面处的应力状态；（2）通过对嵌入和滑动摩擦过程的分子动力学模拟，发现表层产生一个与宏观连续介质的塑性流动方向观测一致的45 方向位错；位错造成的不可逆变形和表面的原子堆积，是力的响应不可逆性的原因，也是构成摩擦力的主要因素；温度和嵌入速度对材料变形特性有显著的影响，当嵌入速度大于10 m/s时，屈服强度明显增加；（3）提出压痕裂纹密度系数β半定量判定膜层断裂韧性的方法；并开发出表面强化新工艺；（4）开发出分析表面摩擦学特性的MD-FE复合模拟方法和相应模拟软件。

China today has reached a level and stage of development that make it impossible to halt reform and modernization. The process is already irreversible.

当代中国已经达到了这样的水平和发展进程，即停止改革和现代化过程是不可能的——它已经具有了不可逆的特点。

The results indicate that the different thermal expansions and elastoplastic properties and distributed randomness of various mineral particles composed of oil shale will lead to the nonuniformity of thermal field , deformation field and stress field in heating process , which makes the particles of oil shale deform incompatibly : and the release of product pyrolysis results in irreversible damages of oil shale material and structure . These are the main reasons for the thermal fracture of oil shale .

研究结果表明：组成油页岩各种矿物颗粒热膨胀和弹塑性性质的不同及其分布的随机性，导致油页岩加热过程中温度场，变形场和应力场的非均匀性，使得油页岩颗粒间变形不协调和油页岩热解产物释放引起油页岩材料与结构性能发生不可逆的劣化损伤，这是油页岩发生热破裂的主要原因；热传导方式加热油页岩，温度的传递比较缓慢，加热井和生产井的间距不宜过大，对油页岩储层性质存在差异时，注热井应选择较高热导率的区段；油页岩的层理对油页岩地下原位开发形成渗透带至关重要，油页岩达到热解温度会产生附加的膨胀力，首先在层理处开裂，应充分利用油页岩层理赋存条件改造其渗透性。

The results indicate that the different thermal expansions and elastoplastic properties and distributed randomness of various mineral particles composed of oil shale will lead to the nonuniformity of thermal field, deformation field and stress field in heating process, which makes the particles of oil shale deform incompatibly: and the release of product pyrolysis results in irreversible damages of oil shale material and structure. These are the main reasons for the thermal fracture of oil shale. When oil shale is heated through thermal conduction, temperature transfers slowly, so the spacing between heating well and production well should not be kept too long. When difference exists in oil shale reservoir's properties, heating well should be chosen in the high conductivity region. Oil shale's stratification is vital for developing permeation zone in in-situ retorting. Oil shale will generate additional expansion force as it reaches its pyrolysis temperature, and stratification will be cracked first, so the oil shale stratification should be utilized to enhance its permeability.

研究结果表明：组成油页岩各种矿物颗粒热膨胀和弹塑性性质的不同及其分布的随机性，导致油页岩加热过程中温度场、变形场和应力场的非均匀性，使得油页岩颗粒间变形不协调和油页岩热解产物释放引起油页岩材料与结构性能发生不可逆的劣化损伤，这是油页岩发生热破裂的主要原因；热传导方式加热油页岩，温度的传递比较缓慢，加热井和生产井的间距不宜过大，对油页岩储层性质存在差异时，注热井应选择较高热导率的区段；油页岩的层理对油页岩地下原位开发形成渗透带至关重要，油页岩达到热解温度会产生附加的膨胀力，首先在层理处开裂，应充分利用油页岩层理赋存条件改造其渗透性。

Based on physicochemistry,work and heat in the processes of irreversible cell were discussed by thermodynamical method.

在基础物理化学的基础上，用热力学方法讨论了不可逆电池过程的功和热，给出了计算公式，并推广到无副反应的电解过程。

Due to all sorts of physical and chemical properties existed in itself, geological unit may have some adaptability changes, some of which are irreversible, caused by the changes of environment and external conditions, therefore, these unities can accumulate all kinds of information concerning the whole development process.

由于其自身的各种物理和化学性质，地质个体对外界条件和环境的变化存在适应性反应而且有的反应是不可逆的，因此这些个体在整个地质发展过程中不断的累积记录了其所在整体的整个发展过程的各种各样的信息。

After a tooth is extracted, due to the lack of occlusive stimulation, the absorption of the remains of alveolar ridge shows an irreversible process, due to the imbalance of the bone formation.

牙齿拔除后，由于缺乏正常咬合力的生理性刺激，剩余牙槽嵴的吸收表现为一个持续、不可逆的过程，这是由于骨形成与吸收的不平衡造成的。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。