不可逆过程

The quantum fidelity was used as a measure of stability and also used to study irreversibility, especially it is very useful in investigating quantum chaos.

保真度的概念在表征系统稳定性，研究系统演化的不可逆过程等基本问题以及对于量子混沌的刻画中都有非常重要的应用。

Though it can not explain the macroscopical ordered structure formed in the irreversible process of a system far from equilibrium state, it still has an important application value.

即使该理论还无法解释远离平衡态的不可逆过程所形成的宏观有序结构，但是，它对许多输运现象，仍有重要的应用价值。

The results showed that nitromethane was reduced irreversibly by one electron, and the electrode process was controlled by diffusion.

结果表明，硝基甲烷在离子液体BMImPF6中的还原反应是受扩散控制的不可逆过程。

In this paper, thermodynamics of irreversible processes has been applied for investigating the plasma in a uniform magnetic field.

本文利用不可逆过程热力学讨论了在均匀磁场作用下的等离子体，得到了电流方程并指出了磁场对电流的影响。

The experimental results from cyclic voltammetry and constant-potential electrolysis show that the mechanism of the reaction was two molecules and three steps electrochemical process with eight-electrons transferred: anion radical arose in the first step; two-electrons were transferred in the second step and accompanied with coupling reaction of radicals and protonation and dehydrate, the main product was azoxybenzene; two-electrons were transferred in the third step, and azobenzene was achieved.

研究结果表明，硝基苯在铂电极上的电还原反应为双分子八电子三步骤电化学过程：第一步反应为准可逆单电子转移步骤，产生阴离子自由基；第二步为二电子转移步骤，并伴有随后的双分子不可逆自由基偶合反应和快速质子化及脱水反应，主要产物为氧化偶氮苯；第三步是二电子转移产生偶氮苯的过程。

In addition, the surface and bulk species of electrochemically Li-deintercalated LiCoO〓 cathode is characterized by XPS.

反应的结果是SnO〓最终被还原为Sn和Li-Sn合金，伴随产物是Li〓O。这一不可逆过程是造成第一周循环时放电容量损失的主要原因。

The fibrotion pattern consists mainly of honeycombing and fibrotic scar whose pathologic lesion are irremission. KL-6 is a high molecular weigh glycoprotein found in 1980s.

前者主要包括磨玻璃影和实变影，他们所反映的病变过程可逆，后者主要包括蜂窝影，其所反映的病变过程不可逆。

The interaction between BLM and DNA at a Ni/GCE modified electrode was studied by linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry.

用线性扫描和循环伏安法研究体系的行为表明，体系为具有加速作用的不可逆过程，是注入的Ni加速BLM的还原。

Course Content: The Basic Laws of Thermodynamics, Thermodynamic Properties of Mass, Phases Equilibrium of One Gas System, Phases Equilibrium and Chemical Equilibrium of Gases System, Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, Description of Microstates, Boltzman Statistics, Bose-Einstein Statistics and Fermi-Dirac Statistics, Ensemble theory, The Statistical Theory and Fluctuation Theory for Nonequilibrium States

课程内容：热力学的基本定律、均匀物质的热力学性质、热动平衡判据、单元系的复相平衡、多元系的复相平衡和化学平衡、不可逆过程热力学、微观运动状态的描述、玻尔兹曼统计理论、玻色－爱因斯坦统计和费米－狄拉克统计理论、系综理论、非平衡态统计理论和涨落理论。

The formal potentials in cyclic voltammograms of these 3+ valence complexes are followed: Co〓-TPPS (-0.08V )＞Fe〓TPPS (-0.14V)＞Mn〓-TPPS (-0.23V). The electrochemical reaction of Mn〓-TPPS is reversible, and both of Co〓-TPPS and Fe〓-TPPS are quasi-reversible. The standard heterogeneous rate constants of Co〓-TPPS and Fe〓-TPPS were determined to be 1. 4×10〓cm/s and 1.4×10〓cm/s respectively. The rates of electrode reaction are as followed: Mn〓-TPPS＞Co〓-TPPS＞Fe〓-TPPS, e.i. Mn〓-TPPS is the most easily oxidized by the dissolved oxygen, and Fe〓-TPPS is oxidized slower than Co〓-TPPS. Ni〓-TPPS can not be oxidized. It is considered that oxygen plays an important role in the valence change of central metal atom and the rate of electron transfer in some metalloporphyrins.

三价金属卟啉络合物在循环伏安图上可得到三价到二价的还原和氧化响应，电极电位从大到小排列为：Co〓-TPPS(-0.08V)＞Fe〓-TPPS(-0.14V)＞Mn〓-TPPS(-0.23V)，电极反应可逆性也不相同，Mn〓-TPPS是可逆过程，Co〓-TPPS、Fe〓-TPPS是准可逆过程，实验测得Co〓-TPPS的标准电极反应速率常数ks＝1.4×10〓cm/s，Fe〓-TPPS的ks＝1.4×10〓cm/s，电极反应的速率从大到小为：Mn〓-TPPS＞Co〓-TPPS＞Fe〓-TPPS，即Mn〓-TPPS最容易被溶解氧所氧化，Fe〓-TPPS被氧化的速度最慢，Ni〓-TMPyP不能被氧化，因此我们认为溶解氧对金属卟啉中心离子的价态和电子转移速率起着重要作用。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。