不变的

The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

The results indicate that the flow stress of the alloy increases with increasing strain rate and decreasing deformation temperature. The flow stress increases with increasing strain until the stress reaches the peak value, then the flow stress remains constant, which indicates that dynamic recrystallization happens during deformation. The flow behaviors are described by the hyperbolic sine constitutive equation, and the activation energy calculated is 337.75 kJ/mol. The as-forged microstructure consists of refined α2/γ and γ grains, and the grains are much homogeneous than before. The B2 phase distributes uniformly at the grain boundary of α2/γ and γ grains. The B2 phase decreases with increasing deformation temperature.

结果表明：流变应力随着应变速率提高和变形温度降低而增大；在变形过程中，流变应力随着变形量增大而增大，当流变应力达到峰值后趋于平稳，表明合金在变形过程中发生了动态再结晶；热变形过程的流变应力可采用双曲正弦本构关系来描述，平均激活能为337.75 kJ/mol；从合金的组织演化过程中可以看出，合金中不均匀的原始组织得到明显均匀化，变形后的组织是由α2/γ层片晶团和γ晶粒组成的双态组织，在α2/γ层片晶团和γ晶粒的晶界交界处发现分布均匀的B2相，并且随着变形温度升高B2相数量逐渐减少。

Based on two algebra Riccati equation method especially the structure of the system Hamilton matrix and system observability theory, the role of invariant zeros in constructing system reduced order controllers was given. That is, by the suitable selection of free parameters of the system H(subscript ∞) controller, some points which were symmetry with the unstable invariant zeros about the imaginary axis became the stable poles of the system controller which were not observable and could be reduced from the system, thus could get further reduced order controller.

基于2代数黎卡提方程方法，特别是系统Hamilton矩阵的结构特点和系统可观测性理论，论述了不变零点在构造系统降阶控制器中所起的作用，即通过选择控制器的自由参量，使某些不稳定的不变零点关于虚轴对称的点构成系统控制器不可观的稳定极点，从而实现了控制器进一步降阶。

Suppose that the random Doeblin condition is satisfied, we prove that the invariant measure exists and any initial distibution convergence to the measure with an exponential rate.

假设随机"Doeblin"条件成立，我们证明了随机环境的马氏链的不变测度存在，且任何初始分布以指数收敛速度到些不变测度。

The relationship between the invariant test and the CFAR property is studied. A theorem is founded about the proof of CFAR property using the concept of invariant test.

研究了不变检验与恒虚警率性质之间的关系，得到了利用不变检验概念证明恒虚警率性质的定理。

In Chapter 1, we state some notions and results on the limit set and the attractor of Conley invariant set theory, and give some sufficent condtions for an invariant set to be a quasi-attractor.

总共分四章。第一章，简要介绍了C.Conley不变集理论中有关极限集，吸引子的概念和结果，并给出了判定不变集为拟吸引子的一些充分条件。

Pole measuring method based on video, shot can be doubled or multiplied to narrow, and the same graphics, mathematical constant, only the size of different characteristics, Health issued the ancient site is: package days package, the package the universe, may day, capacity, the capacity of the psychic world treasures.

依据立杆测影方法，杆可以成倍增长或成倍缩小，而图形不变、数理不变、唯大小不同的特点，生发出古盘是：包天、包地、包宇宙，容天、容地、容万物的通灵宝物。

In this thesis, the crystal structure and phase transition behaviors of a andβforsterite (Mg2SiO4) at high temperature and high pressure were investigated by the first principle calculations and the quasi-harmonic Debye model. Variations of elastic properties, band structure, density of state, band gap ofαandβforsterite with pressure were calculated, and the effect ofα/βphase transition on these characters was analyzed. The effects of water on elastic modulus, sound velocity and band gap of forsterite were also simulated. Finally, the effect ofα/βphase transition and water on seismic discontinuity in earth was discussed.

通过第一性原理结合准简谐德拜模型研究了α和β镁橄榄石的高温高压结构及相变特征；计算了α和β镁橄榄石的弹性模量、波速、电子带结构、带隙等随压力的变化规律，并探讨了相变对这些性质的影响；研究了水对α镁橄榄石弹性模量、波速和带隙的影响；探讨了水对地幔中不连续层的作用以及矿物相变对过渡带波速不连续的作用。

Based on some related concepts of shock disturbed system, weakening buffer operators with variable weights and strengthening ones with variable weights are established respectively. This subject defines buffer operator regulation degree which reflects effect strength to original sequence caused by buffer operator, and also studie the relationship between buffer operator regulation degree and variable weight. Consequently, the monotonicity nonvariable axim of buffer operator is put forward.

基于冲击扰动系统的相关概念，提出了变权缓冲算子的概念，分别构造了变权弱化缓冲算子和变权强化缓冲算子，定义了缓冲算子调节度来反映缓冲算子对原始序列的作用强度，并研究了缓冲算子调节度与可变权重之间的关系，在此基础上提出了缓冲算子的单调性不变公理。

The presence and absence of γ-glutamyl transpeptidases in sprouting and dormant garlic bulbs were determined.The relation between the activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidases in the garlic and greening of garlic purees was investigated.

通过测定休眠与打破休眠的大蒜中γ-谷氨酰转肽酶的活性存在与否，大蒜中γ-谷氨酰转肽酶活性的变化与蒜泥绿变的关系，以及在不能绿变的大蒜中添加γ-谷氨酰转肽酶而使蒜泥变绿，确定了γ-谷氨酰转肽酶对蒜泥绿变的作用。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。