不变形的

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

The results showed that plastic deformation at both -70℃ and 180℃ made the dislocation density of AISI304 stainless steel increase with the increase of deformation. Martensite phase transformation was induced for deformation at -70℃, whereas it was not at 180℃. As the dislocation density increased, the breakdown potential of AISI304 stainless steel's passive film became a little more positive. As martensite phase content increased, it became more negative and pitting corrosion resistance decreased.

结果表明：加热180℃和低温-70℃条件下塑性变形均使AISI304不锈钢中位错密度随变形量增大而增加，AISI304不锈钢在-70℃条件下塑性变形时部分奥氏体相转变为马氏体相，而在180℃条件下塑性变形时不发生马氏体相变；位错密度的增加使AISI304不锈钢钝化膜的击穿电位略微正移，而马氏体相的增加使击穿电位呈负移趋势，材料耐孔蚀性能降低。

For mainframe COLORMAN full-sized wheel system transformation cards and membership cards making machine, the business card printing and membership card making adopts pyramid, cylinder arranged into b-b-type, operation, and maintenance of convenient, but paper road is long, although the multistage tension control, but paper telescopic deformation and measurementunder is inevitable, inconvenience to overprinter.

差于不小型机COLORMAN残幅纸轮转制卡和会员卡制作机来说，制卡和会员卡制作局部拔取塔式布局，滚筒摆列为B-B型，操纵和爱护保重便当，但纸路较不幼，虽然拔取多级不不不抬力把持，但纸弛的伸缩变形及不拉伸变形不可制止，给套印带来便利。

The deformation of the paper consists of elastic deformation and plastic deformation.

纸张的变形可以不合为不不弹性变形和不弹性变形。

Two significant drawbacks exist in the empirical methods in practice. First, predictions of excavation-induced wall deflection, ground surface settlement and lateral movement using empirical methods are not very accurate. Second, not all essential factors are considered in the criteria to evaluate the damage of building induced by excavation.

目前工程界惯用的评估方法主要有两个缺点：第一是评估开挖引致变形行为的准确性不高，包括壁体变形及地盘垂直和水平变形；第二是建筑物受损的评估准则没有考虑重要的影响因素，导致评估的准确性不高。

We found that the mean square error of difference value between GPS monitoring deformation and the second-order leveling surveying deformation is less than 1 mm, and there is a smaller systematic error between the ellipsoidal height deformation and the second-order leveling deformation ,whose value is about 0.5~1 mm; however, this system error does not affect the outcome of vertical deformation monitoring.

结果 得到的GPS监测变形量与水准测量变形量差值中误差＜1 mm，且GPS所测大地高变形量与二等水准测得的变形量间存在一个较小的系统偏差，其值在0.5~1 mm之间，该系统偏差不影响垂向变形监测的结果。

The plastic deformation induced due to cyclic rotation of principal stress axes alone can be in the same magnitude as that due to shear with fixed principal stress axes. 2 The volumetric strain due to shearing of cyclic rotation of principal stress axes is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. The former is characterized by its reversibility and is independent of past shear history, the latter by its irreversibility increases with the increase of cycle number yet its increase rate decreases with its accumulation. 3 The obvious non-coaxiality between directions of the principal stresses and principal strain increments is found and its degree depends largely on the change of shear stress component. 4 The intermediate principal stress has considerable effects on the deformation behavior of sands in the condition of cyclic rotation of principal stress axes. The accumulation rate of the irreversible dilatancy component increases with the increase of the intermediate principal stress parameter.

具有初始各向异性的砂土在纯应力主轴循环旋转排水条件下的主要变形规律为：①纯应力主轴循环旋转可产生与应力主轴固定单调剪切处于同一数量级的塑性变形；②纯应力主轴循环旋转引起的剪切体变包含可逆性剪切体变分量和不可逆性剪切体变分量两部分，其中可逆性剪切体变分量在一周内可完全恢复，基本与应力历史无关；不可逆性剪切体变分量随循环周数的增加呈单调增加，且增加速率随其自身累积值的增大呈减小趋势；③应变增量主轴与应力主轴之间的非共轴现象显著，且在一周内具有分段性；④中主应力对应力主轴循环旋转条件下砂土的变形特性有重要影响，不可逆性剪切体变分量的累积速率随中主应力系数的增加而增加。

With respect of slab lateral cambering of hot rolling sizing press,the analysis shows it is the temperature difference on both sides of the slab that causes different resistance in metal's plastic deformation,which makes metal deform at different speeds.

针对热轧SP定宽轧制的板形侧弯问题，经分析指出：板坯两侧温差造成金属塑性变形抗力大小不相等，从而使金属变形速度不同，变形速度快则相同时间内移动的金属量多，最终使变形快的一侧向变形慢的一侧弯曲是板形侧弯的形成机理。

The deformation of the main paper, water absorption by the paper and paper subject to tensile deformation compressionr coaction deformation.

不主给是纸张的变形，由纸张的吸火变形和纸张施拉伸压缩的变形不败群功用。

In the end ,it comes to the conclusion that the phase behavior of gas condensate considering effect of reservoir deformation,capillary force,capillary condensation and interfacial adsorption is not only notably different from phase behavior in PVT cell but also remarkably different from phase behavior in indeformable and porous media. therefore,it is

最后得出结论，储层变形、界面吸附、毛细凝聚、毛细管力对凝析气藏油气体系相态特征有重要的影响，其相态特征显著不同于常规不考虑介质影响时的情形，也显著不同于前人研究的无变形多孔介质中的相态特征；因而建议在工程应用中，考虑介质变形和界面现象对凝析油气体系相态特征的影响。

I can still vividly recall the impressive scenes you gave. You were among my friends and relatives who accompanied me from my house to the seaport and when the porters were slow to show up, you obligingly carried my suitcase for me.

你对我的种种感人情意，使我记忆犹新，那天你随着我的亲友从家里送我上轮船，搬运工迟迟不来，你毅然替我提着皮箱上船。

St. Nicholas became the patron saint of Russia, where he was famous for his red cape, flowing white beard, and bishop's mitre.

圣尼古拉成了俄罗斯人的守护神，在那里，他以身披红斗篷，留着飘逸的白胡须，戴着主教法冠而闻名。