不卫生的

The reasons include the lack of responsibility of the part of thegovernment, which pays attention to immediate benefit and neglects ethic codes; the pursuit ofprofit and negligence of construction of professional ethic codes on the part of the medicalagencies; mammonism on the part of the medical workers.

始于1985年的卫生改革在促进卫生服务供给能力快速发展的同时也引发了一系列问题，如政府对卫生事业的投入严重不足；卫生资源配置严重不平衡；医疗费用激增，制约群众就诊；医患冲突增多等。

Both the medical field and the DOH misconceive the prevention and treatment issue; misunderstand the cost/benefit ratio of epidemiological studies on clinical trials, neglect the reminding of women掇 organization; bypass the study of gender analysis and women掇 health; lack the monitoring of the medical ethic, and neglect its basic duty.

本文以历史脉络厘清为何在2002年七月美国国家卫生研究院会停止原本预定十三年目前才进行到第八年的长期追踪研究，表示美国公共卫生与医学界对HRT药物实验的认真与用心，强调药物只适合用於短期治疗而非长期预防用，也看到民间妇女团体和女性主义学者在监督药物不使之滥用的贡献；以此反观国内反应，显示出我国医界或部分卫生署官员对公共卫生流行病学调查的不了解，对相对风险观念的不明白，以及对预防医学的误解，对健康促进的不重视，对妇女团体的排斥，对性别分析和妇女健康的忽视，更缺少药物伦理的监督，也轻忽卫生署应有的职责。

Analysis results on townships and villages general statuses showed township health center and village clinic are the major health care facilities in rural poor areas. The number of staff in 36 THCs and 104 VCs were a little lower than the national average. In township health centers, 59. 9% staff are with primary or without any professional titles and 35. 9% of the total staff have no professional degrees. The average gross value of fixed assets per THC is 186000 yuan, among which special equipment values 41000 yuan. Among professional buildings 43. 3% of total area were dangerous. Only one THC can provide emergent service. 47. 2% THCs be able to diagnose and deal with common emergent stomachache. The provision of health services was lower than average level of national rural areas. Frontier Model analysis showed regression coefficients of total outpatient emergency service, total inpatients, average personnel income, number of total staff, number of doctors and technical index were all larger and positive. It meant that these variables would contribute more to the cost-frontier, and their increase would cause the total health cost rising. So increasing health service provision, improving service quality and functions of health facilities may be the best ways to increase efficiency of these facilities. Also the model showed THC inefficiency eu was 1. 68, which means 40% of the cost wasted. Apart from internal and external factors, residents'health care utilization deficiency and inequity is one of major factors causing inefficiency eu.

乡、村基本情况结果表明，农村贫困地区乡卫生院和村卫生室是农民就近就医的主要场所；36所乡卫生院以及104所村卫生室的人员数量，略低于全国同期农村平均水平；在乡卫生院中，初级职称和无职称者的比例占59.9％，无专业学历者占35.9％；平均每院固定资产总值18.6万元，其中专用设备4.1万元，业务用房中危房面积占43.3％；36所卫生院中，具备急救条件的只有1所，能诊断和处理常见急腹症的占47.2％；卫生服务提供量均低于全国农村平均水平；Frontier模型方法显示，总门诊人次、总出院人次、平均人员工资、人员总数、医生数和技术指数等指标的回归系数较大，且均为正数，即这些变量对"前沿"成本的贡献较大，其正向变化均会带来卫生服务总成本的增加，表明增加卫生服务提供量，提高质量以及完善机构服务功能，是提高乡卫生机构效率的有效途径；同时Frontier模型结果显示，卫生院的低效率〓为1.68，经换算即40％的成本处于浪费状态；影响乡卫生院低效率〓的因素有外部和内部的，而需方卫生服务不公平及利用不足是其主要因素之一。

Currently,frequent outbreaks of epidemical disease which caused by various bacteria,virus and verminosis were accelerated to breed due to lack of public health facilities,illess concept of health and incomplete health legislations,keep attacking humans and destroying public health defensive systems.

当前，由于社会公共卫生设施不良加上人民卫生意识淡薄，公共卫生法制不健全，造成各种各样的细菌、病毒、寄生虫病等传染性疾病纷至沓来，不断袭击人类，严重摧毁着和摧毁了我国多年来潜心构筑的公共卫生防御体系。

On the foundation of analysis on public health incident emergency management in Chinawith theory adoption of Public Products, Public Management, Emergency Management, thearticle objectively analyzes the achievement and weak points in public health incident emergencymanagement in China, as well as puts up some advice to improve concerning management inChina with experience from some developed countries such as USA, UK, France and Canada inthis field, namely "Precation First "is above all, finance support guarantee, strengthen emergencynet, improve information and superitendence net, upgrade legislation guarantee.

本文从我国突发公共卫生事件应急管理现状分析入手，综合运用公共产品理论、公共管理理论、危机管理理论，客观分析了我国在突发公共卫生事件应急管理中取得的成效和存在的问题，借鉴美国、英国、法国、加拿大等发达国家在突发公共卫生事件应急管理中的成功经验，提出了完善我国突发公共卫生事件应急管理的对策，即坚持&预防为主&不动摇；应急管理资金保障到位；完善信息网络与预警监测体系；强化应急救控体系；健全法律保障体系。

Compared to telatively developed areas of the interior,minority nationality regions have lower levels of health service,which is associated with these features of the regions:(1)Poor groundings in health service,and scattered inhabitation and inconvenient communications over vast expanses of land,(2)incompetence,shortage and irrational composition of medical personnel,and(3)serious influences of old customs and feudalistic survivals.

少数民族地区医疗卫生现状与对策与内地较为发达的地区比较，少数民族地区卫生事业水平较低。其原因有三：①少数民族地区卫生事业基础薄弱，居住分散，地域辽阔，交通不便；②卫生人员质量不高，数量不足，结构不合理；③旧风俗及残余封建势力影响严重。

The sources of pollution are as follows, 1,feces discharged from public washroom emit an unbearable naucious odor; 2、water discharged from factories is black and odorous, covered with floating waste 3、air emission from factories smells pungent and spreads to every corner,4、air emission from fertilizer factories contains dust,lead, and coal ash, and other particles harmful to health 5、grasslands and lawns in parks are covered with litters which are unhygenic and unsightly.

造成环境污染的污染源是：1、公共厕所排出的粪便散发出难闻的气味，让人恶心。2、工厂排出的废水又黑又臭，还浮着一些秽物。3、工厂排出的废气很刺鼻，会散发到小镇的各个角落。4、化肥厂排出的气体中含有粉尘、铅、煤灰等对人体有害的物质。5、公园的草坪上常有游人丢弃的垃圾，既不卫生，又影响市容。

Enterprises engaged in food or food-use production shall establish a Food Hygiene Inspection Institution, appoint a hygienist to check the products according to relevant hygiene standards and hygiene management prescripts; the one which does not have the Hygiene Inspection Institution can consign to a Hygiene Inspection Institution which is authorized by hygiene administrative department.

第十四条食品和食品用产品生产企业应当建立食品卫生检验机构，配备检验人员，按照有关卫生标准和卫生管理规定对其产品进行检验；暂不具备建立检验机构的，可以委托经卫生行政部门认可的检验机构检验。

Enterprises engaged in food or food-use production shall establish a Food Hygiene Inspection Institution, appoint a hygienist to check the products according to relevant hygiene standards and hygiene management prescripts; the one which does not have the Hygiene Inspection Institution can consign to a Hygiene Inspection Institution which is authorized by hygiene administrative department.

第十四条食品和食品用产品生产企业应当建立食品卫生检验机构，配备检验人员，按照有关卫生标准和卫生管理规定对其产品入行检验；暂不具备建立检验机构的，可以委托经卫生行政部门认可的检验机构检验。

The particularity of medical health services including mistaken information is the main cause that caused problems of medical health system, which resulted in a sick market of medical health services.

医疗卫生事业的特殊性即信息不对称和供求曲线重合等是医疗卫生诸多问题形成的重要原因，它引起医疗卫生&市场失灵&，故需要政府通过公共政策介入干预、正，正确处理公平与效率之间的关系，是医疗卫生体制改革的题中应有之意。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。