不光滑的

Since the boundary points is discontinuous resulting from errors in inner points and interpolated results are not on the same smooth curved surface, the algebraic methods usually generates inharmonious contour lines that may intersect with each other.

分析传统绘制等雨量线方法存在的弊端：由于边界点的不连续性导致内部点误差，同时得到的插值结果也不在同一光滑曲面上，导致生成的等值线分布不协调，甚至可能出现等值线相交的错误情况。

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

At the same time, the mix fixed point method and the nonsmooth Newton method for finite element method are also presentedBased on the Gauss point method for seepage problem with free surface, the non-smooth equations model for seepage problem is proposed as well as the mix fixed point method which belongs to the fixed mesh method.

本文根据近些年来求解可动边界的经验和非光滑分析的发展，建立了求解渗流自由面的数学模型，提出了求解渗流自由面的有限元混合不动点法和非光滑牛顿法。

Key words:the three dimensional contact problem with friction;nonlinearcomplementary;nonsmooth equations;generalized derivative;nonsmoothmethod;convergence analysis

给出了三维摩擦接触问题的一个非光滑混合不动点模型及算法，这种算法无须求导数，没有引进任何额外变量，并且可视为一种三维摩擦接触问题的迭代法，利用非光滑分析和不动点理论对算法做了分析，给出了算法的不动点理论背景及算法的理论分析，为模型解的存在性及算法收敛性提供分析依据，最后给出了相应的数值算例。

Specific features different from normal objects for visualization cover self-similarity, ramification, branch bending, phototaxy, smoothly and un-smoothly blending branching etc.

树木可视化还有不同于其他物体的特性，如多级分枝、枝条的弯曲、自相似、向光性、树木分枝间的光滑与非光滑连接等。

If the stone surface has been accidented or lacerated, polish the stone surface by using a reconditioning grinding disc with a proper number of eyes till it is even and smooth

清理干净石材表面污渍、腊层，并确保石材表面平整、光滑，若石材表面有划道或凹凸不平时，视磨损程度选用不同目数的翻新磨片打磨至石材表面平整、光滑

Colonies on improved agar, when grown 24～48 hours at 37℃ in a candle jar, are 1～2mm in diameter, convex, entire, transparent, glistening, and butyrous. Some strains produce slimy growth. Colonies on clear media are iridescent when observed with obliquely transmitted light.

生物学特性研究表明，该菌在普通营养琼脂平板上不生长，在改良琼脂平板上，烛缸中，37℃培养24～48h后可形成微凸起、边缘整齐、透明有光泽的奶油状光滑型菌落，无溶血现象，菌落无色素，直径1～2mm，在麦康凯培养基上不生长。

By using the theory of bifurcations of dynamical systems to the generalization form of the modified KdV equation, the existence of solitary wave, kink and anti-kink wave solutions and uncountably infinite many smooth and non-smooth periodic wave solutions is obtained.

本利用动力系统的分支理论来研究一类广义MKdV方程的行波解，得出了孤立波、扭子、反扭子和不可数无穷多个光滑和非光滑周期解的存在性。

The dynamic surface controller design method of the nonlinear autopilot for high maneuver missile is developed. Based on the smooth second-order dynamic sliding mode, the designed virtual controls are smooth enough and needn't smooth by integral filters when designing the inner loop controller with back-stepping method. So it overcomes the problem of explosion of terms.

提出了高机动非线性导弹自动驾驶仪的动态面控制器设计方法，该方法基于光滑二阶动态滑模，所设计的虚拟控制足够光滑，在利用反步法设计内环控制器时不需要进行积分滤波克服了反步法所带来的项数膨胀问题。

The product featured with mild nature, non-toxic,non-polluting,non-combustible,safe in use and non-irritate to skin. Especially, for care of hand,natural aloe plant extract and moisture detaining factor are added which will supplement the water contain lost of the skin due to over-dry of the hand which results protection of skin from aging, decrease the roughness of skin and makes your hand soft, smooth and clean.

产品还体现具有性质温和、无毒性、不污染环境、不燃烧、使用安全，不刺激皮肤的特点，并特别为护理双手添加了天然芦荟植物精华和保湿因子，能迅速补充肌肤因干燥失去的水份，防止肌肤老化，降低肌肤的粗糙度，令双手柔软、光滑、洁净。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。