下鼻甲

RESULTS Most of MCA1 were near the nostril,most of the MCA2 were at about 2cm from the nostril around the head of the inferior turbinate,and almost all the MCA were between the limen nasi and the head of the inferior turbinate.

结果多数受试者的MCA1位于前鼻孔附近，多数受试者的MCA2位于距前鼻孔2 cm的距离附近，与下鼻甲前端出现的位置基本一致，多数受试者MCA多位于鼻阈至下鼻甲前端出现的位置之间。

Nasal mucosa observation under rhinoscope: pale or grey or light purple nasal mucosa; swelling turbinate; thin or thick discharge in the nasal cavity.

鼻粘膜观察：经鼻窥镜观察见患者的下鼻甲粘膜颜色多呈苍白、淡白、灰白或淡紫色，下鼻甲多肿胀，鼻腔内多留有水样分泌物。

The available operation range in clivus and anterior cranial base by transsphenoidal opproach was also observed during the operation under the help of neuronavigational pointer. Forty-one patients underwent sublabial, transseptal, transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary region guided by Surgical Microscope Navigation was studied. The piriform aperture was 27. 2mm±3. 1 , the origin of inferior nasal concha 30mm±4. 1, the origin of middle nasal concha 27. 9mm±4. 3. These data are important for transsphenoidal approach, because the piriform aperture and the origin of both inferior and middle nasal conchas restricted the opening width of the Hardy specula. If any distance of these bony structures was much less than the mean one, may cause inadequate opening of the specula blade and resulting dissatisfied operative field. Microadenomas or cystic tumors perhaps can be operated even in a narrow exposure, but large or giant solid adenomas may need a proper evaluation including changing the operative approach or performing a bilateral submucous inferior conchotomy or posterior ethmoidectomy firstly.

手术中还利用CT导航系统观察棒研究了经口—鼻蝶窦入路在斜坡区和前颅底能够达到的实际有效操作范围，为扩大经蝶窦入路手术在斜坡区和前颅底的应用奠定基础，在国内外尚未见同类报道。41例垂体瘤患者梨状孔平均宽度27.2mm±3.1，下鼻甲根部附着处间距30mm±4.1，中鼻甲根部附着处间距27.9mm±4.3，这是经口—鼻蝶窦入路手术中，对Hardy双瓣鼻窥器张开限制的主要骨性结构，若患者这些径线值明显小于平均值，则可能因为鼻窥器打开不充分而影响手术暴露，当然对于垂体微腺瘤和以囊变为主的垂体瘤可能影响不大，但对于大和巨大垂体瘤必须要有充分的准备，包括评估是否改用其他入路，或先行鼻甲切除再行经蝶手术。

Endoscopic Ways at nose under the guidance of biological tissue using laser thermal effect, 61 cases of allergic rhinitis patients with nasal ethmoidal nerve distribution area [1] (before the upper lateral wall of the nasal cavity, middle turbinate, inferior turbinate anterior , anterior nasal septum) punctate mucosal tissue coagulation, vaporization treatment, the results of a success rate of 90.16 percent, followed up for 6 months 1 3 years.

在鼻内镜直视引导下，利用激光对生物组织的热效应，对61例过敏性鼻炎患者进行鼻腔筛前神经分布区[1]（鼻腔外侧壁前上部、中鼻甲、下鼻甲前部、鼻中隔前部）粘膜组织斑点状凝固、汽化治疗，结果成功率达90.16%，随访6个月一3年，效果良好。

Methods The method review analyzed 58 example patients who accepted the concha nasalis inferior partial excision methods and under the nose endoscope the plasma iatrotechnics.28 example were concha nasalis inferior partial excision methods,and 30 were routine nose endoscopes plasma iatrotechnics.

回顾性分析58例患者接受下鼻甲部分切除术和鼻内镜下等离子治疗术的结果。其中28例下鼻甲部分切除术，30例行鼻内镜下等离子治疗。

Objective:To provide detailed anatomical data of the theory and practice for endoscopic surgery in the PPF by studying the related applied anatomy of PPF through the lateral wall of the nasal cavity approach of endoscopic middle meatal transpalatine approach、middle meatal transantral approach and inferior turbinectomy transantral approach respectively.

目的：通过鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁中鼻道经腭骨入路、中鼻道经上颌窦入路、下鼻甲切除经上颌窦入路三种手术入路方式对翼腭窝进行相关应用解剖学研究，为临床鼻内镜下翼腭窝手术提供详实的解剖学理论和实践基础。

Methods: Cryogenic temperature bipolar radiofrequecy ablation-cutting operation were applied in the OSAHS patients with presence of turbinate hypertrophy in the inferior turbinate, then to observe clinical symptom、 Sleep monitoring、 prosection of inferior turbinate and Polysomnography.

对OSAHS存在下鼻甲肥大者进行下鼻甲低温射频消融术，治疗后3个月、10个月进行主观症状，下鼻甲形态大小变化、睡眠监测和气道压力滴定对照分析。

From 2003 to 2004,83 patients(166 sides) with nasal septum deviation were treated in our hospital,including 38 receiving submucous resection of nasal septum and 45 receiving submucous resection of nasal septum plus unilateral or bilateral partial inferior turbinectomy(SRNS+U/B PIT).

2003～2004年83例(166侧)鼻中隔偏曲男性患者在我院接受手术治疗，其中接受鼻中隔黏膜下切除术者38例，接受鼻中隔黏膜下切除加单或双侧下鼻甲部分切除术者45例。

Measure the items on before and after the two courses of treatment respectively as follows:① Syndromes Investigation: to adopt the scoring methods of symptoms and signs with the certain standard scoring table of symptoms and classifying table of signs for the patients, on the day before and after the two courses of treatment respectively ,② Signs Investigation: the mucoma visibility, swelling or hyperemia conditions, or gloyp and polypoid change in the inferior and middle nasal conchas, nasal septum, etc with a nasal endoscope on the day before and after the two courses of treatment respectively,③ Test of the lung functiaon on the previous day before and after the two courses of treatment respectively.

治疗组在治疗前、两个疗程结束后分别进行以下项目的观察：①临床症状的评定：治疗前及两个疗程结束后当天对患者鼻塞、鼻痒、流涕、喷嚏症状的程度进行评分；②体征的评定：治疗前及两个疗程结束后当天采用鼻额镜肉眼观察患者下鼻甲鼻粘膜颜色、肿胀情况，及中鼻甲是否可见，有否息肉样变等；③治疗前及两个疗程结束后即刻予以检测肺功能。

Measure the items on before and after the two courses of treatment respectively (one course for 15 days) as follows:①Syndromes Investigation: to adopt the scoring methods of symptoms and signs with the certain standard scoring table of symptoms and classifying table of signs for the patients, on the day before and after the two courses of treatment respectively,②Signs Investigation: the mucoma visibility, swelling or hyperemia conditions, or gloyp and polypoid change in the inferior and middle nasal conchas, nasal septum, etc with a nasal endoscope on the day before and after the two courses of treatment respectively,③Test of the interferon-γ、interleukine-4(IL-4) in serum of patients by the method of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay on the previous day before and after the two courses of treatment respectively.

治疗组在治疗前、两个疗程结束后分别进行以下项目的观察：①临床症状的评定：治疗前及两个疗程结束后当天对患者鼻痒、鼻塞、流涕、喷嚏症状的程度进行评分；②体征的评定：治疗前及两个疗程结束后当天采用鼻额镜肉眼观察患者下鼻甲鼻粘膜颜色、肿胀情况，及中鼻甲是否可见，有否息肉样变等；③治疗前及两个疗程结束后一天清晨空腹抽取患者肘静脉血4ml离心后，采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测患者血清IFN-γ、IL-4的含量。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。