下骨突

Neck composed of 11 ervicals. Furcula "V"-shaped with a long hypocledium.

颈长具11枚颈椎，叉骨"V"字型，具一长的下突。

The final result showed still residual tumor area, tongue base, right sublingular space and right maxilla bone and bilateral soft palate, pterygomandibular raphe, tonsil and right medial pterygoid muscle with extension to nasopharynx and nasal cavity.

最终结果表明，仍有残余肿瘤部位，舌根，右右舌下空间和上颌骨骨和双边软齶，翼突缝，扁桃体和右翼内肌与延伸至鼻咽部和鼻腔。

objectiveto explore the drain way to tear with inferior lacrimal passage ruined critically.methodsthe special silicon tube whose bore 1mm and diameter 2mm was inserted between conjunctival sac and nasal vestibule,the tube was placed under the soft tissue of bucco-nasal groove and in the surface of the protrusion of upper jaw bone.resultsthere were 32 patients who undergone tube above five years.one patient of them was pulled out the tube because of papilloma hyperplasia,the other patient was pulled out the tube with the tube slide below,and the rest 30 patients kept the drain well and co

目的探讨下泪道破坏严重时泪液引流途径。方法在结膜囊-鼻前庭间安置一个内径1mm、外径2mm的特制硅胶导管，此管置于鼻颊沟软组织下，上颌骨前突表面。结果治疗32例，观察5年以上，其中1例因结膜乳头状瘤增生而拔管，1例因导管下滑而拔管，30例引流良好，病人亦能耐受。本文就引流机制、并发症、机体耐受问题和操作进行了详细地讨论。结论泪道外插管是下泪道严重损害时泪液引流的一种较好的解决方法。皮下；结膜鼻腔造瘘术；硅胶导管

Methods Through scalp coronal incision, the zygoma was desected and shifted medially and laterally so as to lower the contour of zygomatic bone. Subperiosteal rhytidectomy was performed simultaneously to remodify the facial skeleton and soft tissue.

采用头皮冠状切口入路，将颧骨、颧弓截断向内上方移位，降低颧突及颧弓高度，同期行骨膜下除皱术，对面部骨支架与软组织重新塑形。

Results: Lateral extradural approach could be used to expose the second and third branches of trigeminal nerve,trigeminal ganglion,posterior vertical segment of the intrapetrosal ICA,abducent nerve and horizontal segment of the intrapetrosal ICA;lateral intradural approach could be used to expose the lateral,anteroinferior and posterosuperior venous spaces,almost all the cranial nerves within the cavernous sinus and horizontal segments of the intracavernous ICA;superior approach could be used to expose the medial,lateral and posterosuperior venous spaces,medial side of the anterior genu,anterior vertical and clinoidal segments of the intracavernous ICA and the lateral side of the hypophysis.

结果：外侧硬膜外入路可用于显露三叉神经第2、3支，三叉神经节，海绵窦内颈内动脉后垂直段，外展神经及岩骨颈内动脉水平段；侧方硬膜下入路可用于显露海绵窦外侧及前下，后上静脉间隙，以及所有走行在海绵窦内的颅神经和海绵窦内颈内动脉水平段；上方入路可用于显露海绵窦内侧、外侧及后上间隙，海绵窦内ICA水平段、前膝、前垂直段及床突段的内侧面，以及垂体的外侧面。

Results VA and bone structures of the craniovertebral junction were clearly observed and measured in three-dimensional visualization. The exposure of dens was improved in one third condylectomy. However, the decision to perform condylectomy and its extent should be made based on relationship between abnormal dens and occipital condyle.

结果 三维可视化技术使枕颈结合处椎动脉和骨结构的三维构象得到清晰的观察和测量；入路中磨除1/3枕髁能改善齿状突的显露，但应结合病变状态下齿状突与枕髁等结构的关系决定是否磨除或磨除的范围。

Angular measurement : Female showed more flat frontonasal area and mandibular sulcus contour angle than male.

角度测量方面：女性之前额与鼻骨之间较为平坦，而男性则较为凹陷；男性由下唇至骸部转折较女性明显；男性鼻较前突。

The study sample was composed of 40 female patients with maxillary excess or bimaxillary protrusion. The mean age of patient was 25.9. All patients had undergone the modified Wunderer technique for anterior subapical osteotomy. The postoperative follow-ups were all over 6 months. We studied the relationship between movement of anterior maxillary segment and soft tissue changes over nose and lip areas by the statistics in the hard tissue displacement and soft tissue changes 3 and 6 months postoperatively.

本研究收集以改良式Wunderer's前上颚根尖下截骨术矫治双颚前突或上颚生长过度的病例共40位，皆为女性，平均年龄25.9岁，术后追踪半年以上；分别研究术前与立即术后，立即术后与术后三个月，以及术前与术后六个月的硬组织方位改变，鼻唇区域软组织的方位改变，以及硬组织与软组织间方位改变的对应关系。

Spines were tested first intact, then after complete C5-C6 discectomy with posterior longitudinal ligament resection and ACDF with a wedged bone graft and a rigid locked plate, and finally after complete release of the supraspinous, interspinous, and intertransverse ligaments; the facet capsules; and ligamentum flavum.

首先在完整的颈椎上进行检测，此后将C5-C6椎间盘完全切除、后纵韧带切除后使用坚强锁定钢板及楔形植骨行ACDF，最后完全松解棘上、棘间、横突间韧带及关节囊和黄韧带，在上述情况下分别进行检测。

The experiment of closing alveolar cleft by DO technique was successful. It suggests a new method to treat alveolar cleft, without alveolar bone grafting and donor area morbidities. Thus, long-term studies are very necessary to try to introduce it into clinic.

本实验采用DO关闭牙槽裂隙的动物实验研究是成功的，同时，也开辟了治疗牙槽突裂的新思路，可以避免传统牙槽裂植骨术需从患者供骨区切骨的组织损伤和痛苦；且手术操作较简单，可在局麻下完成。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。