下限

To make an attempt at constructing the iconography of Akshobhya and the Five Buddhas and discussing the transition of Akshobhya from Mahayana to Vajrayana especially in Tibet, the methodology both of Archaeology, Iconography, Iconology, Religion and History are involved in this thesis. The related images are belongs to the 7th to 15th century.

本文主要采用考古学以及图像志和图像学的研究方法，结合历史、宗教背景，尝试建立阿閦佛及相关密教五佛的图像志，探讨阿閦佛从初期大乘诸神之一到密教五方佛之一的演变，以及其在藏传佛教中的发展，图像资料上下限为7-15世纪前后。

This age may be the lower limit of the gold ore formation, which means the mineralization time is not earlier than Indo-chinese epoch.

该年龄限定了金矿化年龄的下限，即金矿化不可能早于印支期，但并不能确定金矿化的精确年龄。

A repairable unit assuming both operating time and repair time being exponential is considered, the lower confidence limits of A with Chebyshev inequation and generalized p-values are studied here.

考虑一个可修单元，其工作时间和维修时间均服从指数分布，用切比谢夫和广义p-值方法讨论了它在t时刻的瞬时可用度的置信下限。

According to this understanding, this thesis tries to modify PSO algorithm in order to improve its quality of solutions. The main approches include: using uniform design to ensure the uniform distribution of initial particles in the design space; adding mutation operation to increase the diversity of particles; decreasing the maximum velocity limitation and the velocity inertia automatically to balance the local and the global search efforts; developing a new approach to treat the design variables exceeding the bounds; using extensive local searches to escape local minimum. The overall effect of these approaches can yield better results for most test problems.

有鉴於此，本文针对粒子群演化法之流程参考相关文献并稍作改变，使得粒子群演算法在结果的收敛上更具优势，本文的主要改进的方法包括：应用均匀设计的概念使得初始的粒子可以更均匀地分布在空间上；利用突变增加粒子之间的差异性与多样性；利用适当控制的最大速度限制及惯性权重控制，达到区域搜寻与全域搜寻的效果；应用新的边界处理机制处理设计变数超过上、下限的问题；利用区域强化搜寻针对粒子附近地区，再作进一步的搜索以得到更佳之结果；将各种方法综合后配合粒子群演算法使用，可以得到不错的结果。

The total payoff to a player is often taken to be the discounted sum of the stage payoffs or the limit inferior of the averages of the stage payoffs.

参与者在随机博弈中获得的全部报酬一般用各个阶段报酬的贴现值来计算，或者用各个阶段报酬平均值的下限来计算。

Experimental results show that the equivalence ratio f has a significant effect on the intensity of thermoacoustic instability. In order to sustain the combustion in the Rijke combustor, the inferior and superior limit of the equivalent ratio was 0.63 and 1.75 separately.

试验发现，化学当量比f 对Rijke预混燃烧器内热声不稳定的强度有重要的影响，维持Rijke预混燃烧器持续燃烧的下限极限化学当量比和上限极限化学当量比分别为0.63和1.75。

The results provide a solution to the problems of how to control the impact velocity and how to make the impact velocity for each layer approximately equal and close to the inferior limit in the explosive welding of multilayer metal plates.

该文研究结果为控制层间撞去速度，使其达到基本一致，且接近焊接下限提供了解决方法。

Vieille has shown that all two-person stochastic games with finite state and action spaces have approximate Nash equilibria when the total payoff is the limit inferior of the averages of the stage payoffs.

Vieille已经证明具有有限阶段和有限状态的两人随机博弈当中，如果博弈过程的报酬使用各个阶段报酬平均值的下限来计算的话，是具有逼近纳什均衡的。

Experiment results showed for covering TiO〓 particles uniformly with polymer film, the inferior limit of the concentration of SDS was 1mmol/LH〓O, which provided an adsorption density higher than 0.58μmol/m〓, the superior limit was the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant.

SDS用量下限是浓度为1mmol/LH〓O，此时它的吸附密度大于0.58μmmol/m〓，用量上限是它的临界胶束浓度CMC。

The pulse train is predetermined to maintain the instantaneous voltage at the system bus above a predetermined lower limit.

对该脉冲序列预先设定以便保持系统总线的瞬时电压高于预定的下限。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。