下限

Exchange fee, tax policy and negotiation method have important effect on acquisitions price. So, control premium also originates from the different view on price between consignee and alienator.

转让方一般更注重公司的现有资产价值，构成了定价的下限；收购方则更关心通过收购可以在未来带来多少收益，而并不在意资产的具体形成的投入，构成定价的下限。

This paper presents the new bound theorems in structural limit analysis developed on the basis of the generalized variational principle. The approximate limit factors determined from the new bound theorems are closer to the exact limit factor than the ones obtained from the classical bound theorems.

本文给出在极限分析的一般变分原理[1]的基础上发展起来的极限乘子的新的上、下限定理[10]，由这个新的上、下限定理决定的极限乘子的上、下限比经典的上、下限定理给出的更为靠近准确解。

Such as burning glass electric rice cookers, electric heated glass cookers, electric Niunaibei glass, glass, electric heated rice bags, glass, such as electric ovens A diagnostic radiology, with the ray protective devices, including the limited-hole plate (4), limited-hole plate (1), servo motor, with the upper limit switch (3), limit switch (7), and so on, installed in the activities Bed-shading of the ball before relying on the upper and lower limit switch servo motor control circuits and chain control, automatic transform limited-hole plate position, perspective and point of excess-ray films blocked so that patients and doctors have been reliable protection .

诸如玻璃电热烧锅、玻璃电热暖锅，玻璃电热牛奶杯、玻璃电热恒温电饭包、玻璃电热烤炉等一种放射线诊断时用的射线防护装置，包括方孔限光板（4）、圆孔限光板（1）、伺服电机、上限位开关（3）、下限位开关（7）等，装设在活动床球管遮光器前，依靠伺服电机上下限位开关及控制电路进行连锁控制，自动变换圆孔限光板的位置，将透视和点片时的多余射线遮挡住，使患者和医生都得到可靠的防护。

Weibull distribution is widely used as a life distribution, and estimating lower confidence limit of reliability is important. But so far this problem has not been well solved if when the sample size is small.

威布尔分布是使用非常广泛的寿命分布，关于威布尔分布的可靠度的下限估计是一个有重要意义的问题，文献中有很多讨论，但当样本量较小时，关于二参数威布尔分布的可靠度的下限估计至今没有非常有效的方法。

Based on the convex analysis and duality theorem, a kinematic shakedown formulation for 3-D problems is derived.

根据下限定理，通过引入P泛数，并采用应力函数法构造平衡应力场，建立了极限下限分析的有限元数学规划格式。

Algorithm for determining the lower limit of the iterated times in IFSP;2. Stratigraphical division and lower limit of the Quaternary in Hunan;3. At present, the approximate solution of Voigt and Reuss's upper limit or lower limit and the calculating formula of Hashin and Shtrikman's upper limit or lower limit are accurate.

计算复合材料有效弹性模量上、下限的方法中，Voigt和Reuss的上、下限近似解及Hashin和Shtrikman的上、下限计算公式较为精确，但Voigt-Reuss近似解通常忽略了各向异性非均匀体的研究，是一个不全面的结果。

And then the detection limit and amplification efficiency of simplex real-time PCR were determined.

对嗜水气单胞菌TaqMan实时PCR检测方法，检测下限的评价包括菌液的检测下限和DNA的检测下限。

On the other hand, this text Will use the similar dimension of fractal theory to the data of distribution of the mineralizing element,ore, structure to set up unusual lower limit of them and has probed into the

另一方面将分形理论中的相似维数算法运用于金元素分布数据，矿点数据，图文资料当中，从而建立金元素分布的异常下限、线性构造分布的异常下限以及金矿点分布的异常下限，并且进一步对结果从定量的角度探讨了三者的关系。

Athematic model is based on the cooking experiments,it could predict pulp properties at a given cooking conditions,at the cooking conditions of effective alkali charge 17%,sulfidity 29.5%,temperature 150℃,time 135 min,the pulp properties predicted by model were:Kappa number 18.1(upper 21.5,lower 15.3),screened yield 50.3%(upper 51.2%,lower 49.5%),brightness 34.1%ISO(upper 36.1%ISO,lower 32.2%ISO) and viscosity 1429 mL/g(upper 1627 mL/g,lower 1232 mL/g).

ODDE可以根据蒸煮工艺条件预测蒸煮结果，当蒸煮条件为：有效碱用量17%，硫化度29.5%，蒸煮温度150℃，保温时间135 min时，MODDE预测的蒸煮结果为：卡伯值18.1(上下限分别为21.5和15.3)，细浆得率50.3%(上下限分别为51.2%和49.5%)，白度34.1%ISO(上下限分别为36.1%ISO和32.2%ISO)，黏度1429 mL/g(上下限分别为1627 mL/g和1232 mL/g)。

The control chart based on the geometric distribution(g-type chart) has shown to be competitive with p or np chart for monitoring the proportion especially for application in high quality manufacturing environments. However when the cases with LCL=0 occur, plotting values beneath the LCL is impossible given the non-negative nature of units, such type of lower control limits no ability to detect rate increase.

但是由于几何控制图的自然下限的问题，在其使用过程中若控制下限LCL＜0，则取其自然下限为0，这使得几何控制图在此情况下对于检测不合格品率p的增加是几乎不起任何作用，而此问题也是实际中我们最需要检测并作判断的问题。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。