下皮

Only amitosis takes place in both epidermal and hypodermal cell s of Firmiana simplex during cell division.

梧桐表皮细胞和下皮细胞的分裂只见无丝分裂而没有有丝分裂。2。

Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting.

而那些捕到鲨鱼的渔夫，也已经把那些鲨鱼送到在小海湾另一边的鲨鱼工厂去了，在那儿鲨鱼被滑轮垂吊起来，然后被取下肝，割掉鳍，剥下皮，肉也被割成条状准备用盐来腌。

Hypodermis One or more layers of cells that may be found immediately below the epidermis of plants.

下皮：是植物表皮下的一层或多层细胞，主要由大量薄壁的无色细胞组成。

At the death of Comte, a division arose among the Positivists, the dissident group being formed with Littré as its leader, and the orthodox group under the direction of Pierre Laffitte.

在死亡的孔德，出现一个部门之间的实证主义的持不同政见团体正在形成与Littré作为其领导人，正统组的指导下皮埃尔拉菲特。

Results The estimated heritabilities of each item were from 0.59 to 0.87 after adjusting for age.The heritabilities of triceps skinfolds,subscapular skinfolds,sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds and body fat percent were the lowest in preadolescent period in the boys(0.55,0.62,0.53,0.51,respectively) and the lowest in lateadolescent period in girls(0.53,0.43,0.24,0.40,respectively).In the course of adolescence,the heritabilities of lean body mass increased steadily in both boys and girls.

结果 全部双生子分性别校正年龄后，各指标遗传度在0.59～0.87之间；不同发育期各指标遗传度存在差异，肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、2处皮褶厚度之和、体脂百分比的遗传度男生在青春期前期最低，分别为0.55，0.62，0.53，0.51，女生在青春期晚期最低，分别为0.53，0.43，0.24，0.40；男、女瘦体重遗传度随青春期发育进程呈增加趋势。

The heritabilities of triceps skinfolds,subscapular skinfolds,sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds and body fat percent were the lowest in preadolescent period in the boys(0.55,0.62,0.53,0.51,respectively) and the lowest in lateadolescent period in girls(0.53,0.43,0.24,0.40,respectively).In the course of adolescence,the heritabilities of lean body mass increased steadily in both boys and girls.

结果 全部双生子分性别校正年龄后，各指标遗传度在0.59～0.87之间；不同发育期各指标遗传度存在差异，肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、2处皮褶厚度之和、体脂百分比的遗传度男生在青春期前期最低，分别为0.55，0.62，0.53，0.51，女生在青春期晚期最低，分别为0.53，0.43，0.24，0.40；男、女瘦体重遗传度随青春期发育进程呈增加趋势。

objective to determine the menarche age among female students and the relation between body fat and menarche in anhui province to provide theoretical basis for adopting intervention measure and carrying out health education.methods probability unit regression were used to calculate mmas in 3 000 girls aged 9～18 years old,who were selected from 3 areas in 2005.results mmas were 12.76 and 13.11 years old for urban and rural girls respectively.the youngest age was 10.the menarche age was significantly,related with bmi sebum thickness of abdomen,sebum thickness of shoulder blade and the upper arm.conclusion there was significant relationship between menarche age and body fat.menarche age showed an ahead trend in han national students in anhui province.sex eduction should be conducted in advance,and it was important to strengthen sex education in adolescent.

目的 了解安徽省女生月经初潮及初潮前后体脂变化情况，为采取干预措施和健康教育提供理论依据。方法按照2005年全国学生体质调研要求，采用分层整群抽样方法，对安徽省南、中、北3个地区城乡9～18岁中小学女生3000人进行调查，并测量体质指数、腹部皮脂厚度、上臂皮脂厚度和肩胛下皮脂厚度4项指标。结果城市女生半数月经初潮平均年龄为12.76岁，农村女生13.11岁，城乡最小月经初潮年龄均为10岁。体质指数、腹部皮脂厚度、上臂皮脂厚度和肩胛下皮脂厚度4项指标均值来潮组均大于未来潮组，差异有统计学意义，p.01。结论月经初潮年龄与体脂因素关系密切；安徽省汉族学生月经初潮年龄呈现提前趋势，性教育应提前，加强青春期性教育尤为重要。

Methods The triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured and the body composition were estimated by using Changling's and Brozek's models in a total of 376 twin pairs of Han nationality,including 245 monozygotic and 131 likesex dizygotic twin pairs aged 6 to 18 years.Modelfitting method with Mx package was performed to evaluate the proportion of variance components and to analyze the effect of sex,age and development period on the skinfold thickness and body composition.

测量376对6～18岁同性别双生子(同卵245对，异卵131对)肱三头肌、肩胛下皮褶厚度，用长岭和Brozek公式估算体成分；用Mx软件拟合最佳模型，计算各指标遗传与环境方差组分，分析年龄、性别和不同发育期的作用。

Methods:The height,weight,waist circumference,hip circumference,mid-upper arm circumference,triceps skinfold thickness,subscapular skinfold thickness in 369 young people with average of (27.1±9.4)years were measured. In addition,BCA-2A Body Analysis Instrument was applied to measure body compositions. Five indices to estimate and compare fat rate for men and women were used, including the percent of body fat, body mass index,WC, ideal body weight and TSF+SSF.

对369名青年健康人进行身高、体重、腰围、臀围、上臂围、三头肌皮褶厚度、肩胛下皮褶厚度的测量及采用BCA-2A人体成份分析仪测定人体成份，选择五种不同的指标计算男性、女性肥胖率，包括体脂百分比、BMI、腰围、理想体重和，比较各种方法对男女肥胖率检出率的差异。

Body mass index, percent normal body weight, triceps skin-fold thickness, subscapular skin-fold thickness, mid-upper arm circumference, serum albumin and total lymphocytes count were determined in 31 patients with COPD and in 11 healthy controls.

测定31例COPD患者（分为营养不良组12例，非营养不良组19例）及11名正常人的血清瘦素、TNF-α浓度、体重指数、理想体重百分比、三头肌皮皱厚度、肩胛下皮皱厚度、上臂中部臂围，血清白蛋白、总淋巴细胞计数等指标。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

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