下水平

We use the model to examine the effect of preference heterogeneity on asset pricing. We find that in generally, internal habit increase the equity premium while external habit effect on equity premium dependent on the correlation between habits level and risk assets.

我们用这种模型来分析异质偏好对资产定价的影响，发现在通常情形下，内在消费习惯增加股权溢价水平，而外在性消费习惯对股权溢价的影响取决于习惯水平与风险资产的相关性。

Under the different inventory management level, enterprise's average fund takes the level error to be very maybe big.

在不同的存货管理水平下，企业的平均资金占用水平差别是很大的。

Under the different inventory management level, enterprise's average fund takes the level error very in a big way maybe.

在不同的存货管理水平下，企业的平均资金占用水平差别是很大的。

Using backward induction solution and two-stage game twice, we induce the subgame-perfect equilibrium of a three-stage game composed of domestic subsidy policy, firms' RRC investment and output or profit decision. The conclusion includes that the subsidy policy is in favor of the outputs, market share and profits of the domestic duopoly, it also benefits domestic social welfare and has negative effect on foreign duopoly's or social's similar indexes accordingly.

通过两次运用两阶段博弈，文章对由补贴政策、企业RRC投资、产量和利润水平决定构成的三阶段博弈进行了因果关系的比较静态分析，认为在一般情况下，对本国企业RRC投资补贴有利于本国企业在国际市场中产量、市场份额和利润的增加，也有利于本国社会总福利水平的增加，对外国企业产量、利润和社会福利则形成负面影响。

Water, agriculture land, construct land, forest and grass land, beach and the other land. On the basis of classification of land use, the landscape map of different grains could be created. Then using Fragstats 3.3 software, the landscape indices were calculated from the class level and landscape level.

在此基础上，借助Fragstats 3.3软件，从类型水平和景观水平两方面分别选取8个景观指数指标，探讨不同粒度景观类型图条件下，景观指数随粒度变化的特征。

Results from the experiment on an EHD experiment bench show that condensation heat transfer in a horizontal tube responds strongly to the EHD technique; the effect is greater for lower heat flux but lesser for higher heat flux; the enhancement coefficient is proportional to the exerted voltage for a constant heat flux and reaches as high as 156% under the conditions described in this paper.

在电流体力学强化传热试验台上进行了水平管内凝结传热的强化试验研究，结果表明，EHD技术对水平管内的凝结传热有明显的强化效果；低热流密度时，强化效果较好，增大热流密度时，强化效果减弱；热流密度维持不变时，强化系数随强化电压的升高而增大；在本试验条件下，对凝结传热的最大强化系数为 1 5 6%。

FR conjugate gradient methods with perturbations are proposed. The global convergence property of the first method is proved under the condition of main directions' sufficient descent. Whereas, in the proof of the convergence for the other two methods, we only need main directions' descent. Importantly and quite interesting, boundedness conditions such as objective function being bounded below, boundedness of level set are not needed. Chapter 5 presents a version of Dai-Yuan conjugate gradient method with perturbations.

在主方向充分下降的条件下证明了第一个方法的全局收敛性，而后两个方法的收敛性是在主方向下降的条件下证明的，这些收敛性证明的一个共同特征就是不需要目标函数有下界或水平集有界等有界性条件，第5章采用Wolfe或Armijo步长规则提出了带扰动项的Dai-Yuanabbr。

In this paper we combining connecting tunnel project of Subway Line 4 at Xidan-lingjing bystreet in Beijing. To aim at the difficulties of building large-span connecting tunnels in the fine sand layer, through roads and underground pipelines, construction nearby buildings and other project difficulties. Using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, field tests and other research methods to comprehensive and systemic research the stratum deformation mechanism and process control techniques of shallow excavation method, and a series of results were obtained. Firstly, use the stochastic media theory to analyze the stratum deformation mechanism, concretely analyze the analytic equation of surface horizontal displacement and deformation which were caused by the excavation of single-hole and double-hole tunnel, and further discussion on ground settlement, vertical deformation, surface horizontal displacement and horizontal deformation. Analyzing the main influence factors of surface displacement, and combined with practical work to proof the theory which was applied to shallow buried single-hole tunnel in fine sand layer was scientific.

本文结合北京地铁四号线西单～灵境胡同渡线隧道工程，针对在粉细砂地层中修建大跨渡线隧道，下穿道路和地下管线，临近建筑物施工等工程难点，利用理论分析、数值模拟、和现场监测等多种研究手段，对浅埋暗挖隧道地层变位机理及控制技术，深入地进行全面和系统的研究，并取得以下成果：(1)引入随机介质理论，对地层变位机理进行了分析，具体分析了单、双孔隧道开挖引起的地表位移及变形的解析方程，并深入探讨了地表沉降、垂直变形、地表水平位移和水平变形的特点，同时分析了影响地表位移的主要因素，并结合工程实例，佐证该理论应用于粉细砂地层浅埋暗挖单孔地铁隧道的科学性。

Therefore, based on the study, we put effort level into the basic model, and we study the optimization problem of retailer, supplier, as well as supply chain decision-making on the condition of considering the marketdemand and effort level.

因此，在基本模型研究基础上，将努力水平引入契约模型，考察在产品市场需求与努力水平相关情况下，销售商、供应商，以及供应链的决策优化问题。5。

The trend in the financial opening up, the field of international financial cooperation have been strengthened, and China's financial system is in a closed economy set up with the situation, the corresponding level of economic development constraints, the formation of a strict financial controls, financial supervision and inadequate Situation, in an open situation, such a closed financial system is bound to be adjusted.

搞要： 在金融开放的趋势下，金融领域的国际合作不断增强，而我国的金融体系是在封闭经济状况下建立起来的，受相应的经济发展水平的制约，形成了金融管制过严、金融监管不力的局面，在开放的形势下，这种封闭的金融体系势必要调整。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。