下层社会

Vegetation zones and 10 vegetation types were classified using TWINSPAN and DCA: Bischofia javanica‐Machilus japonica var. kusanoi type on Ficus‐Machilus zone; Engelhardia roxburghiana‐Castanopsis cuspidata var. carlesii type on Machilus‐Castanopsis zone; Rhododendron formosanum type and Pasania kawakamii‐Machilus thunbergii type on Quercus lower zone; Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana—Rhododendron formosanum type, Fagus hayatae type, Symplocos arisanensis‐Illicium anisatum type on Quercus upper zone; Tsuga chinensis var. formosana and Pinus taiwanensis type on Tsuga‐Picea zone; Abies kawakamii type on Abies zone.

经TWINSPAN分析及参考DCA结果，可将植物社会区分为6个植群带10个植群型，分别为榕楠林带的茄冬‐大叶楠型；楠槠林带的黄杞‐长尾尖叶槠型；栎林带下层的台湾杜鹃型、大叶石栎‐猪脚楠型；栎林带上层的台湾扁柏‐台湾杜鹃型、台湾水青冈型及阿里山灰木‐白花八角型；铁杉‐云杉林带的台湾铁杉型、台湾二叶松型；冷杉林带的台湾冷杉型。

The historiographic turning in the study of children and childhood made it move from the marginal to the central stage not only in the history of children and childhood, but also in the history of industrial revolution.

随着儿童史研究的转型，它才逐渐由儿童史研究的边缘向中心发展，也逐渐由工业革命史研究的边缘迈向中心舞台，童工问题、下层儿童童年生活的转型等问题成为考察和评价工业革命前后英国社会的一个重要视角。

Only then disappear at the financial crisis January alleviate, begin from May, the society appears not to stabilize a situation again, tagrag is striven for.

始于1月的金融危机不见缓解，从5月开始，社会再次出现不稳定局面，下层人民争取。。。

The benevolence doctrine of Confucianism emphasized that mankind had transcendentality compared to animal, each person had an equal humanity, people should love, be considerate of, sympathy, give assistance to each other and promote together, human and nature should also coexist in harmony, to reach the realm of public-oriented and nature-human integration finally. The propriety doctrine of Confucianism emphasized that in order to realize fairness under unfairness, rationality under irrationality, it should restrict the desires of the governors among different levels through institutions, and confine the social burden of lower level people to a certain compass. The life philosophy of Confucianism emphasized that individuals should take responsibility for the category, entry into the society actively, and make oneself outstandingly in the category.

儒家仁学强调人相对于动物具有超越性，人性人人相同，人与人应该互相关爱、相互体谅、相互同情、相互援助、共同提升，人与自然也应当和谐共处，最终达到天下为公、天人合一的境界；其礼学强调通过制度来限制不同层次统治者的欲求，把下层百姓的社会负担限定在一定范围之内，以实现不公平之下的会平，不合理之下的合理；其人生哲学强调个体应为类群担当，积极入世，在类群中出类拔萃。

In a pluralistic, democratic society where a small elite is parasitizing on a middle class segment that has got no idea what to do except to keep working and play along with the rules, a poor underclass that has got no future, and a confused national identity with a history of a multicultural melting pot that sooner or later is about to explode, there is no easy way to solve problems.

在一个多元民主的社会，那里的一小精英，是寄生于一个中产阶级部分已得到根本不知道该怎么办，除了要不断加大工作和发挥随着规则的，一个贫穷的下层阶级已经得到无前途，并混淆国家认同与历史上的一个多元文化的大熔炉，迟早是要爆炸，有没有简单的方法来解决问题。

Based on Lu Xueyi and Zhang Houyi＇s criteria for farmers stratification, the paper further stratifies farmers into upper class, upper middle class, lower middle class and lower class according to their incomes, occupations and reputations of occupations.

以职业为基础，以不同职业农民的收入为主要依据，结合农民对不同职业的美誉度，农民的社会阶层可以进一步归结为上层、中上层、中下层和下层四个大类。

There were also real herotic comedies and extolled comedies,the sad in the happy,and the happy in the sad,there was aesthetics style in the tragicomedies,it was a group of people with the aid of characters from the plays to give vent to their sad feelings,it was a art shape of dramatists who were at the bottom of the society at that time,those were the impacted sparks of the dassic.

从戏剧美学的角度观照，元杂剧三国戏中有典型的英雄悲剧，也有真正的英雄喜剧与歌颂喜剧，并且能悲中寓喜，喜中有悲，具有悲喜交集的美学风格，这是那个时代士人群体沉郁苦闷的人生悲剧借助历史人物的心理宣泄，是元剧家们在沉入社会下层的人生境遇中所吸取的民间三国故事中孕含的富有理想色彩的乐观主义精神的艺术投影，是经典文化与大众文化相碰撞的火花在元代文化土壤结出的艺术果实，这种美学风格大大扩展了元代三国戏的审美张力，也增加了其文化意蕴与审美价值。

Tramps are in a low stratum of society.

流浪汉生活在社会的下层。

The realist painters led by Courbet and the Barbizon School turn to the witnessed performance of the social reality, laden with deep emotion in portraying the daily life of the ordinary, and take the underlying character of social work as their own hero, which substantially changed the past of relying on mythology, religion, stories, historical events, such as upper-class aristocratic figure as their theme, and strive for the lower people to win a place on the canvas, thus making its own development in the art history of France and even the whole world.

大大改变了以往以神话、宗教故事、历史事件、贵族等上层社会的人物为主创作对象的局面，力争为下层人民在画布上争得了一席之地，从而使它自身的发展在法国乃至世界美术史上具有了重大的历史意义。

A further analysis at phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels shows that the "errors" made are subject to "principles of the creation of pidgins".

以社会语言学的观点来看，这种因输入不足的环境所生成的英语，可以视为是一种以英语为上层，国语为下层的「混杂语」。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。