下层社会

It is argued that the Western medicine first impacted Chinese understanding and feeling of their body which are closely linked with their special arrangement and understanding, and then it destroyed the definition of ethics in a traditional Chinese society of acquaintance and brought about a so-called relationship of "clientage" which finally changed China's social structure, whenever it was systematized, cooperating with many other modern institutions.

力求避免仅仅从上层或下层的单一取向观察中国近代变化所带来的局限性。本文认为，西医的进入首先影响到了中国人对身体的认知和感受，这种感受又与中国人对空间安排的认知密不可分，西医的进入破坏了传统中国的熟人社会对人伦关系的界定，而带入了一种称之为"委托制"的关系，这种关系一旦制度化，就与许多现代体制的运作相配合，最终改变了中国的社会结构。

The research of social ethos transition in the late Ming Dynasty is concern with the general valuation of the history of Ming Dynasty.

由于对晚明世风变迁的研究涉及到对明代社会发展程度的总体评价问题，在观察时需要有宽阔的视角，既要注意下层民众，也要注意具有广泛示范性和影响力的社会上层。

The handicraftsman employed by the local authority produced according to the will of the local authorities and they had no freedom of production.

因此，战国时期传统的家族形态已经不复存在，无论是社会上层、中层，还是社会下层的家族形态，基本上奠定了中国几千年来家族形态的基础。

Spanish picaresque novel is one of the early novel forms in the west. It originates in Spain in the middle of the 16th century, whose protagonists usually are rogues or adventurers of low social degree. Adopting the form of an autobiography, it often deals with humorous detail of the adventures of the roguish hero who live by his or her wits in an unpleasant society, involving various social pictures and personages' sketches, relating the waifs' destiny and reflecting the social life state at that time.

西班牙流浪汉小说是西方早期的小说形式之一，产生于16世纪中叶的西班牙，它一般以出身下层的流浪汉为作品的主人公，采用自传体形式，以主人公自述经历为线索，串联社会的各种画面和人物素描，以主人公流浪的经历表现人物的命运，并反映当时的社会生活状况。

The proletariat, the lowest stratum of our present society, cannot stir, cannot raiseitself up, without the whole superincumbent strata of official society being sprung into the air.

无产阶级，现今社会的最下层，如果不炸毁官方社会的整个上层，就不能激起自己，提高自己。

The proletariat, the lowest stratum of our present society, cannot stir, cannot raise itself up, without the whole superincumbent strata of official society being sprung into the air.

无产阶级，现今社会的最下层，如果不炸毁构成官方社会的整个上层，就不能抬起头来，挺起胸来。

Upper class of Chinese people residing in foreign concessions and lower class living on the edge of city,there form a mode of social space as center-edge in treaty port city.

华人上层聚居租界和社会下层的边缘化，形成了中心-边缘型通商口岸城市社会空间的一种模式。

It is from this "underclass," and those who take advantage of it, that most of the violence springs the violence which is one of the least pleasant aspects of American society.

正是这个"社会下层阶级"以及利用这个阶层的人引发了社会上的大多数***，使之成为美国社会中最令人不快的一面。

It is from this "underclass," and those who take advantage of it,that most of the violence springs—the violence which is one of the least pleasant aspects of American society.

正是这个"社会下层阶级"以及利用这个阶层的人引发了社会上的大多数暴乱，使之成为美国社会中最令人不快的一面。

It is from this "underclass", and those who take advantage of it, that most of the violence springs the violence which is one of the least pleasant aspects of American society.

参考译文：正是这个"社会下层阶级"以及利用这个阶层的人引发了社会上的大多数暴乱，使之成为美国社会中最令人不快的一面。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。