下层的

The first level and the lower level both have their objective functions and constraint conditions, the objective function and constraint conditions of the first level not only have relations with the upper decision variable, but also depends on the optimal value of the lower level.

上层和下层各有目标函数和约束条件，上层问题的目标函数和约束条件，不仅与上层决策变量有关，而且还依赖于下层问题的最优解或最优值。

From the perspective of social mobility, middle-stratum and lower-stratum within new-diddle-stratum tend to enter into an alliance with the lower-stratum of the society while the body of this stratum-managers, technicians, and private entrepreneurs-will possible establish friendly ties with the upper-stratum of the society.

从其社会流动特征看，内部的中、下层有可能与下层结盟；而三大主干群体－经理、专业技术人员及私营企业主阶层，则有可能会与上层缔结友好关系。

Setting: University hospital research laboratories Subjects and Interventions: NB4 and A549 cells were separately cultured with ATRA and/or dexsamethasone for 1-3 days. NB4 or ATRA -NB4 cells were then placed in an upper insert and co-incubated with A549 cells or their conditioned medium located in a lower plate.

材料与方法：将NB4 细胞与 A549 细胞分别经有／无全反式维甲酸及 dexamethasone 处理 1-3 天，再将有／无全反式维甲酸处理过之 NB4 细胞置入嵌入式培养之上层舱，下层舱中则置放有A549 细胞或各种不同处理的条件培养液，再将上层舱嵌入下层舱中，於含 5% CO2 之培养箱中共同培养。

In fact, the tango tradition, music and dance alike, was developed in both Montevideo and Buenos Aires by the lower classes3, which included European immigrants4 and descendants5 of African slaves.

事实上，探戈这项传统－－音乐及舞蹈皆然－－是由蒙特维多与布宜诺斯艾利斯两地的下层阶级所共同发展而成，而这些下层阶级包括了欧洲移民以及非洲奴隶的后裔。

NGFR positive nerve fibres were markedly reduced or absent in muscular layer and submucous layer while the hypertrophic nerve trunks in myenteric and submucosal plexuses showed a sheath of intense staining in the aganglionic colon from patients with HD.

结果 丰富的NGFR染色阳性神经纤维分布于正常结肠环肌层及粘膜下层，少量分布于纵肌层，NGFR染色阳性神经元分布于肌间神经丛及粘膜下神经丛；NGFR 染色阳性神经纤维在HD无肌间神经节细胞肠段肌层及粘膜下层内明显减少或缺如，而肌间肥大的神经干及粘膜下神经干为NGFR染色阳性，并且在其外周可见一强阳性染色带。

Based on the model of Bahar and Vedat, this paper proposed a more practical model with the improvement on objective functions, constraint and variables.

本文在充分考虑事故发生概率，运输量，多商品风险累加，特殊道路风险限制等多种因素基础上，对BAHAR和VEDAT（2004）[1]的模型在上下层目标函数、上层约束条件以及下层变量等多个方面进行了改进和完善，提出了更符合现实情况的二层网络设计模型。

CONCLUTION: The compound of after-induced chondrogenetic BMSCs and SIS can engender new chondrocytes, so the repair effect is better than only transplanting SIS.

经诱导的软骨细胞-小肠黏膜下层复合物在动物体内能够形成新生软骨组织，比单纯小肠黏膜下层修复效果好。

The basin between Taiwan, Lan-Yu and Lu-Tao, blocking the lower northward flows, forms a flow-separation region to the inflow waters, which deflects to the east when approach to the basin. Upper layer flows could pass the basin and the cyclonically horizontal current shear associated with the current favors the emergence of a cyclonic circulation pattern along the southeast coast of Taiwan.

这种流况是经由海流与地形交互作用所造成的，中、下层海流在南纵海槽内发生流线分离，而上层海流仍沿台湾东南海岸北上，后项海流西侧之气旋型流速水平切变则对本地中、下层海水透过Ekman pumping造成拉升效应，促成南纵海槽内形成持续性之低压型环流。

Feb. 1988, quasi-biennial and quasi-3-to-4-year oscillation are invenstigated. It is found that the two oscillations are propagating from west to east at all levels, being out of paase for the tropics but in phase for the mid-latitudes; for the latter oscillations in West Pacific, it travels equatorially from both mid-latitudes at low-levels while from south to north through a well-defined channel at...

结果发现：纬向风准两年、准3─4年振荡在热带地区上、下层均一致自西向东传播，但位相相反；在中纬度地区，纬向风准两年、准3─4年振荡上、下层均盛行自西向东传播，且位相一致；西太平洋地区低层纬向风准3─4年振荡均为从南、北半球中纬度地区向赤道传播；高层纬向风准3─4年振荡在175─140°W附近存在一明显的通道，且为自南向北传播，而且在经向上呈1波特征。

Various factors related to patients, tumors, and treatment including PEC were investigated using univariate and multivariate analysis with regard to delayed post-ESD bleeding, evidenced by hematemesis or melena, that required endoscopic treatment.

通过单变量和多变量分析患者、肿瘤、治疗（包括内镜粘膜下层剥离术后常规凝固可见血管）对于粘膜下层切除术后延迟出血的影响，并且行内镜治疗。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。