下层的

The difference in the absorption coefficient for normal human stomach mucosa/submucosa tissues between 1064 and 532 nm is 53.8%,and the difference in the reduced scattering coefficient for tissue samples between 1064 and 532 nm is 52.2%,and the difference in the optical penetration depth for tissue samples between 1064 and 532 nm is 113%,and the difference in the diffusion constant for tissue samples between 1064 and 532 nm is 110%.

正常人胃黏膜/黏膜下层组织对1064 nm的激光的吸收系数与其对532 nm的激光的吸收系数的差异为53.8%，其对1064 nm的激光的约化散射系数与其对532 nm的激光的约化散射系数的差异为52.2%，其对1064 nm的激光的光学穿透深度与其对532 nm的激光的光学穿透深度的差异为113%，其对1064 nm的激光的漫射系数与其对532 nm的激光的漫射系数的差异为110%。

The last angle of this paper was discussing the function of Buddhist Monasteries in Dunhuang area during the mediaeval times , analyzing the relationship between Dunhuang Buddhist Monasteries and various social stratums, different nationalities and so on, uncovering the function to the Government of Guiyijun and the social life of common people in Dunhuang and even Hexi area, manifesting the characteristic of its earthliness as the religious opening space of social populace, showed the infiltration Buddhism performed in the public business, and making new beneficial attempt to elucidate the social function of Buddhist.

本文研究的另一视角系探讨敦煌僧寺在中古敦煌地区的活动情况，与不同阶层、不同民族人群的关系，从而展示其在敦煌乃至河西地区世俗政权、下层民众社会生活中的作用，凸现其作为社会群众的宗教性场所的人间性与世俗性的特征，全面体现佛教对世俗社会事务的渗透，并对佛教的社会功能的诠释上做出新的有益的尝试。

Many structural deficiencies and mistakes were highlighted, which including excessive horizontal displacement in the ground, more severe damaged transition layer (the first masonry structure layer), ground with farraginous structure, and poor construction quality. Finally, lateral stiffness ratio of the second to ground story in masonry buildings with RC frame structure at the bottom will be optimized following difference of materials between the ground floor and the upper floors. The strength and the ductility of transition layer, as well as shear walls in the ground floor, are crucial to keep the building standing during large earthquake.

在介绍和总结了汶川地震中底框砖房的表现―底层过大的水平侧移、过渡层严重破坏或完全坍塌、底层严重破坏或房屋完全倒塌、上部砌体整体发生侧移、以及设计一和施工质量良好的底层抗震墙砖房&大震不倒&的基础上，得出以下结论和建议：在抗震设防地区应禁止使用部分底框砖房，地震中过渡层的实际受力情况与设计所采用的受力状态有明显的区别，规范应考虑砌体和钢筋混凝土材料的不同力学性质来制定上下层刚度比要求，明确对过渡层的延性和强度要求，明确该类结构抗震概念设计的具体措施。

Squatting, lying, and milling aimlessly about the lower level were a dozen of so large lizard-like beasts that looked like the product of some mad geneticist's cross of Tatooine krayt dragons wit h Haruun Kal ankkoxen : four meters tall at the shoulder, long crooked legs that ended in five-clawed feet clearly designed for scaling rocky cliffs, ten meters of powerful tail ridged with spines and tipped with a horn-bladed mace, a flexible neck leading up to an armor-plated head that sported an impressive cowl of spines of its own—they looked fearsome enough that Obi-Wan might have thought them some sort of dangerous wild predators or vi cious watchbeasts, were it not for the docile way they tolerated the team of Utai wranglers who walked among them, hosing them down, scraping muck from their scales, and letting them take bundles of greens from their hands.

在下层那儿，蹲着的，躺着的，或是在漫无目的地殴斗的，是整整一打类似蜥蜴的巨型野兽，它们看上去就像是某个科学狂人将塔图因的克雷特巨龙和哈伦·卡尔的安科森兽糅合在一起的成品：肩高四米，长而弯曲的腿的末梢长着五根用于攀登岩壁的爪子，十米长的强壮尾部上扎满了尖刺，末端是一个尖角满布的骨槌，柔韧的颈部支撑着一个布满铠甲的脑袋，脑袋上又炫耀着一簇可怕的尖刺——它们的长相实在太恐怖了，使得欧比旺不禁觉得这些家伙不是危险的野生掠食者，就是冷血的守卫神兽，可恰恰相反，它们在那些尤泰牧人面前却表现得十分乖巧温顺，任由他们从中穿行，往它们身上浇水降温，从它们的鳞片上刮去污物，以及将一捆捆青草递到它们嘴边。

He bid me observe it, and I should always find , that the calamities of life were shared among the upper and lower part of mankind; but that the middle station had the fewest disasters, and was not exposed, to so many vicissitudes as the higher or lower part of mankind; nay, they were not subjected to so many distempers and uneasiness either of body or mind, as those were who, by vicious living, luxury and extravagancies on one hand, or hard labour, want of necessaries, and mean or insufficient diet on the other hand, bring distempers upon themselves by the natural consequences of their way of living; that the middle station of life was calculated for all kind of virtues and all kinds of a middle fortune; that temperance, moderation, quietness, health, society, all agreeable diversions, and all desirable pleasures, were the blessing attending the middle station of life; that this way men went silently and smoothly through the world, and comfortably out of it, not embarrassed with the labour of the hands or of the head, not sold to the life of slavery for daily bread, or harassed with perplexed circumstances, which rob the soul of peace, and the body of rest; not enraged with the passion of envy, or secret burning lust of ambition for great things; but in easy circumstances sliding gently through the world, and sensibly tasting the sweets of living, without the bitter, feeling that they are happy, and learning by every day's experience to know it more sensibly.

他嘱咐我，只要用心观察，到处都可发现：生活的灾难是由上层和下层两类人分担，而中间阶层灾难最少，不会像那两类人那样，要经历那么多的荣辱变迁，商海浮沉。中间阶层也绝不会像阔佬那样，因骄奢淫逸、挥霍无度而狂躁不安、身心俱损；也不会像穷人那样，因劳累辛苦、缺吃少穿，以及这种穷苦生活自然而然带来的种种后果而焦急不安、忧心忡忡。他说，中等生活最能保持各种美德和一切正常而适中的享受，中等人的生活经常是安定富足的。他说，和睦和富裕是中产阶层的随身伴侣。他说，和善、谦虚、宁静、健康、社交、各种正当的娱乐、各种有益的消遣，都是降临到中等人头上的福份。他们就这样默默地、但又是顺利地、当然也是舒服地走过人生的旅途，不受劳力和劳心之苦，也不必为每天的面包而卖身为奴，或被困境搞得身心疲惫；也不会因心怀嫉妒和好大喜功而野心勃勃、贪婪无度，而是在轻松的环境下平静地度过一生，有意识地品尝着生活的甜美，没有痛苦，只感到幸福，并且通过日益增多的经验，越来越有意识地去学会品尝和感受幸福。

Complex surface structures stripes or bandings were found in those of A. dichotoma, but less in P. inclinatus. The trabeculae consisted of three parts the surface part, the cylindrical layer and the central part. The surface and the central part were mainly protein substances which could be dissolved by KOH.

其中心部主要是溶解于KOH溶液的物质蛋白一类的物质，环状纤维层中的几丁质纤维，在层和层之间相互不同的方向排列着，并各自与前翅的上下层中的几丁质纤维连续地连接着2独角仙前翅小柱的表面有复杂的纹样，而锹形虫的小柱表面只有非常简单的几乎没有纹样。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。