下壳

Under the fixed and clamped boundary conditions, a nonlinear differential oscillation equation with quadric and cubic items was presented by the Galerkin method, and a nonlinear free oscillation equation of the shallow reticulated shells with damage was solved.

基于Lematire等效应变损伤原理，计及扁球面网壳各个杆件的损伤影响，根据薄壳非线性动力学理论推导出含有损伤扁球面网壳非线性动力学方程和协调方程，在固定夹紧边界条件下，用Galerkin方法得到一个含二次和三次非线性振动微分方程，并对具有损伤扁球面网壳的非线性自由振动方程求解。

The main research work and its results are: 1Empirical results are analysed for the relations of fault displacement and earthquake magnitude, and difference between permanent ground deformation and maxium dynamic relative displacement on the two sides of fault; 2An analytic method is proposed for resopnse of a buried pipeline due to earthquake fault movement; 3A new shell model with an equivalent boundary and relted finite element analysis method are proposed for estimating response of a buried pipeline under large fault movement; 4By the proposed method, damage performance of water supply steel pipelines with large diameter is simulated to the real cases in Kocaeli Earthquake and Ji-Ji Earthquake, and simulating results show the real failure mode of pipes is revealed; 5Effects of overlying soil and soft/hard interlayers are analyzed on ground rupture mode and degree due to earthquake fault, and some earthquake rupture phenomena in soil layers are theoretically described for the first time; 6Pipeline response characters are discussed for the case of considering effects of soil layers on ground rupture mode; 7Research results and proposed method are applied in seismic analysis of pipline acrossing fault in the Gas Tansportation Project from West to East in China.

主要工作和成果包括：1）分析了不同断层位错形式下地表破裂位错量与震级之间的经验关系，并基于集集地震近断层记录分析了断层两侧永久地面变形和地震动相对位移幅值之间的差别，为合理地考虑地震断层位错地面变形动态影响提供了依据；2）发展了断层位错地面大变形下管线反应分析模型并给出物理概念明确、简单实用的解析分析方法；3）建立了断层位错下埋地管线反应分析的等效边界壳模型有限元方法，方法中引入了以非线性弹簧形式模拟离断层较远处管段影响的等效边界，简化了计算模型并突出了近断层处管体反应；4）利用等效边界壳模型方法，对土耳其地震和集集地震中大口径埋地管线震害进行了模拟，结果表明所提方法可以更清地解释震害所表现的管体破坏特征；5）研究了覆盖土层和软硬夹层的存在对断层位错地面破裂形式和程度的影响，首次从理论上解释了某些地震地表破裂现象；6）探讨了考虑土层对断层位错地面变形影响的管体反应特征；7）本项目成果已在西气东输工程的管道跨断层抗震问题分析中得到了应用。

Seismic responses of long-span single-layer and double-layer reticulated spherical shell under wave excitations and uniform excitation s are studied.

本文考虑了地震波的行波效应，采用不同的视波速，对单双层球面网壳结构在行波激励下的反应分别进行了计算分析，并与在一致激励下的地震反应进行对比，考察了两者之间的差异，深入分析了大跨度单双层球面网壳结构在行波激励下的地震反应规律，得出了一些有益于工程实际的重要结论。

In this paper, using multi rigid dynamics, by considering the match motion of the shooter s body, the automatic motion, floating and the rifle, a launch dynamic model is established for caseless rifle .

采用多刚体系统动力学理论，考虑人体、自动机、浮动体与全枪的耦合运动及自动机循环各阶段的运动与碰撞，建立了高频浮动新结构无壳弹枪在卧姿有依托状态下的发射模型，通过数值模拟，得出三发点射状态下无壳弹枪的发射特性，并与常规自动步枪作了比较，分析了无壳弹枪性能的优越之

This paper deals with making stop bleeding sponge with dried small shrimps. Firstly breaking away with inorganic salt and proteir in the dried small shrimps with acid and NaOH, secondly, taking off vinyl-in the chitin with 50% NaOH, temperature is 110 ℃. the last, reacting with chitosamine and PVA-124 make stop bleeding sponge were produced, catalyst is PdCl 2. The sponge film and sparkce is setatisfaction.

用虾壳经除盐，去蛋白处理后，用50％的NaOH溶液在110℃的温度下脱乙酰基制备壳聚糖；以1∶9的稀醋酸溶作溶剂，氯化钯作催化剂，甲苯二异氰酸酯作发泡剂、交联剂，使壳聚糖与PVA－124进行交联成膜，发泡用氨水洗成中性后在80℃的红外灯烘箱下烘干，制得止血海棉

The removal of these impurities by three kinds of active carbon(coaly activated carbon,fruit hull activated carbon,woodiness activated carbon) are studied under different experimental conditions.The results show that the fruit hull active carbon is not suitable for the removal of the impurity in bittern of salt lake because its removing rate of COD and turbidity is ...

以去除盐湖卤水中COD和浊度为目的，选用煤质活性炭、果壳活性炭、木质活性炭3种不同活性炭进行净化除杂的工艺研究，结果表明：果壳活性炭对COD和浊度的去除率最低，加入量最大，不宜选用；木质活性炭在低温下(≤20℃)脱除COD效果较好，在常温下(28~45℃)去除COD和浊度的效率明显低于煤质活性炭；在震荡速度、吸附时间及吸附剂加入量均相同的情况下，煤质活性炭脱色除杂效果明显优于其余两种活性炭，在盐湖卤水的脱色净化工程中应优先选用。

Based on the deep research of structure characteristics of the shell-side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger and laws of fluid flow and heat transfer, the concept of "sideling flow" in the shell-side is presented for the first time, which is relative to the flow states of the cross-flow, the longitudinal-flow and the helical-flow.

在上述壳程流体&斜向流&状态理念的指导下，首次研制开发了新型高效节能管壳式换热器—帘式折流片换热器，改进和发展了换热器壳程的结构形式，实现了壳程流体的斜向流动。

The mantle shear zone played an important role in continental blackup. Especially, the dissymmetry caused by simple shear deformation resulted in the different amount of extension in upcrust and subcrust, which in turn formed the detachment of the upper mantle from the crust, that is, the thinning positions of upper mantle and crust were different.

地幔剪切带在大陆裂解过程中起关键性作用，特别是简单剪切变形所产生的强烈不对称构造，以至壳上伸展量明显不同于壳下伸展量，壳幔明显折离，使得壳幔变薄区的位置明显分离，这将能很好地解释华北地台东部岩石圈地幔演化及其浅部盆地形成等的响应。

Live specimen of C. latens for the sehll selection experiment preferred the shell type which was the most abundant in the field. But the field specimen did not use the most abundant shell type.

潮间带C。 latens的野外调查资料与实验室情况下的选壳实验比较，显示在选壳实验中寄居蟹最喜好的壳型是野外最多产的壳型，但是与野外最常使用的壳型不同。

In chapter 2 and 3, experimentally, using the Angular-Resolved high-resolution fast Electron Energy Loss Spectrometer , at the condition of 2. 5 keV incident energy and 50-60 meV energy resolution, we measured the Optical Oscillator Strength Density Spectra for the excitations of 4p, 4s or 3d electron. The oscillator strengths for excitations of the valent shell 4p electron were obtained, and comparisons were done between presently experimental and previously experimental and theoretical results. The experimental results of different groups agree with each other approximately, but the semi-experientially theoretical results do not match with the experimental results. The delayed maximum in the photoabsorption spectra was discussed. It should arise from the transition of 4p→∈d. For the excitation of the inner-valent 4s electron, the discrepancies for the resonant structures in previous electron-impact results and photoionization results were clarified in present work, which confirms again that the fast electron impact method is suitable to measure the optical oscillator strengths. The autoionization Rydberg series 4s〓ns (n=5, 6, 7) and 4s〓nd (n=4, 5, 6, 7) were identified without ambiguity by the measurement at 0°, 2° and 4°scattering angles. The energy levels and natural widths of the excitations of Kr3d and Ar2p inner shell, including optically allowed and forbidden transitions, were determined. The widths of these inner shell excitations are nearly the same, which was interpreted by the Resonant Auger effect .

在第二章和第三章，实验上，使用角分辨的高能量分辨快电子能量损失谱仪，在2.5keV电子入射能量和50-60meV能量分辨下，测量了Kr原子由价壳层4p到内价壳层4s，再到内壳层3d电子激发的光学振子强度密度谱；得到了价壳层4p电子激发束缚态的光学振子强度，与前人实验和半经验理论结果作了细致的比较，说明几家实验是比较符合的，但半经验的理论计算存在问题；分析了光吸收谱中的延迟极大现象，说明在第一电离阈值以上几个eV范围内的极大值源于4p→εd跃迁产生的延迟极大；对于内价壳层4s激发的自电离区，澄清了前人实验中电子碰撞方法和光学方法在共振结构上存在差异的问题，再一次肯定了快电子碰撞方法是获得绝对光学振子强度的一种好方法；通过在非0°散射角的测量（如2°和4°），清楚地标识了4s电子激发的光学禁戒跃迁自电离里德堡系列4s〓ns（n=5，6，7）和4s〓nd（n=4，5，6，7）；通过在0°和4°散射角的测量，观测并标识了几个新的内壳层光学禁戒跃迁能级，得到了Kr原子3d和Ar原子2p内壳层激发态（包括光学允许和禁戒跃迁形成的）的能级位置和自然宽度，用共振俄歇效应解释了这些内壳层激发态（不管是光学允许还是禁戒跃迁产生的）的自然宽度彼此比较接近的原因。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。