上颌骨的

The characteristics of skull bones are; underdevelopment of paramostoid process of the occipital bone; unjointing of zygomatic process from its arch with no supraorbital foramen; formation of semiglobal structure by petrous temporal bone;no naso -maxillary notch between nasal bone and nasal process of premaxilla; unobvious facial surface of lacrimal bones;well-developed nasal process of premaxilla; no facial crest of maxillae's exterior;...

头骨的主要特征是：枕骨的颈交不发达，眶上突不与颧弓相连，无眶上孔；颞骨岩部形成半球形鼓泡，鼻骨与颌前骨的鼻突之间不形成鼻颌切迹；泪骨几乎无颜面部；颌前骨的鼻突发达；上颌骨外面无面嵴；腭骨发达；犁骨腹缘后部不与鼻腔底壁接触；下颌骨支下缘无血管切迹、垂直部后下方有一角突。

Infective osteonecrosis of the jaw combined with diabetes mellitus should be diagnosed early, resection of sequestrum timely is the key to prevent disease progress.

合并糖尿病的上颌骨感染性胃坏死应尽早明确诊断，尽快手术切除坏死的上颌骨是阻止病情发展的根本措施。

objective:to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of titanium plate osteosynthesis in maxillofacial fractures.methods:216 maxillofacial fractures in 157 cases from 1998 to 2005 were treated with titanium microplate or miniplate osteosynthesis,122 of which were mandibular fractures and 94 of maxillary fractures.43 cases of maxillofacial fractures including cranial injuries in 157 cases and 38 cases including zygoma and zygomatic arch fractures and 13 cases including other injuries.results:most of the cases were healed.only 9 cases had complications.conclusion:the titanium plate osteosynthesis would bring about good effects.it would reduce facial malformation and regain normal occlusion after operations.

目的：对应用钛板作骨内坚固内固定的效果进行临床评价。方法：自1998年－2005年收治157 例共计216处颌骨骨折进行微型钛板或小型钛板作骨内坚固内固定术。其中下颌骨骨折122处；上颌骨骨折94处。157 例颌骨骨折合并颅脑损伤43 例，伴有颧骨弓骨折38 例，伴有其他外伤13 例。结果：多数病例能达到一期愈合，仅9 例伴有并发症。结论：钛板内固定具有良好的效果，术后面颌畸形得以改善，咬合功能恢复。

There are no changes in development directions of maxilla,mandible and SN before and after orthodontic treatment for bimaxillary protrusion抯 adolescents with four premolars extracted,but there are different in development rate,the development of mandible is the fastest, maxilla is slower, SN is the slowest.

可以认为青少年双颌前突患者拔牙矫治前后上颌骨、下颌骨及前颅底的生长方向在治疗前后无变化，但三者的生长速度不同，下颌骨生长最快，上颌骨较慢，前颅底的生长速度最慢。

There are no changes in development directions of maxilla,mandible and SN before and after orthodontic treatment for bimaxillary protrusion抯 adolescents with four premo－lars extracted,but there are different in development rate,the development of mandible is the fastest, maxilla is slower, SN is the slowest.

可以认为青少年双颌前突患者拔牙矫治前后上颌骨、下颌骨及前颅底的生长方向在治疗前后无变化，但三者的生长速度不同，下颌骨生长最快，上颌骨较慢，前颅底的生长速度最慢。

For each subject, the buccolingual bone thickness was measured by postulating that the miniscrews would be inserted at 16 positions (10, 12, 14 and 16 mm above the median sagittal planes of the interradicular spaces between the first molars and the second premolars in the maxilla, and 30°, 45°, 60°, 90° from the cortical bone surface).

在重建后的锥形线束CT影像上测量上颌第二前磨牙与第一磨牙牙根间矢状面上距离参考平面10，12，14，16 mm的4个植入高度上，以与骨皮质表面成30°，45°，60°，90°的4个方向共16个部位的颊舌侧骨质厚度，计算各植入部位触及上颌窦的危险率，在骨厚度大于6 mm的植入部位模拟植入微螺钉种植体并测量其周围骨质密度。

Upper central incisors moved forward and downward together with maxillary, at the same time they upright in the sagittal plane and tip mesially. 3 The occlusion plane rotated clockwise for about 1.5°. 4 The width increasement effect of RME comes from approximately the equal amounts of skeletal and dental expansion. The mode of dental movement was a combination of body and tipping movements of posterior teeth.

结果：1后牙在宽度方向上为整体移动和倾斜移动相结合的移动方式，但第一磨牙和第一双尖牙稍有差别；牙齿和骨对宽度增加的贡献各占约1/2；2后牙在垂直方向有伸长的趋势；3第一磨牙和第一双尖牙均向前整体移动，轴倾度保持不变；4中切牙整体随上颌骨前部向前向下移动，其牙长轴发生直立，轴倾度增加；5上颌平面发生顺时针旋转。

The results of Pancherz analysis shows that the correction of negative overjet is mainly due to the advancement of maxilla and upper incisors. But the position changes of mandible and lower incisors imply that severe maxillary hypoplasia with high angle and/or mandibular retrusion is contraindicated by the method conducted in this study.

头影测量侧位片Pancherz分析法的分析结果表明，本研究中上颌后缩患者反覆盖的矫治主要由上颌骨、上切牙的前移引起的，但下颌骨和下切牙位置的变化提示适应症的选择应注意避免上颌后缩同时伴有高下颌角和／或下颌后缩的患者。

Cysts form anywhere in the incisive canal located in the palatine bone and behind the alveolar process of the maxillary central incisors, or in the palatal soft tissues that overlies the foramen, called the cyst of the incisive papilla.

无论是在切牙管任何位置的囊肿都位于上颌骨，上颌骨中切牙牙槽突的后方，或者在覆盖于壳顶孔上方的软组织内，这种又被称为龈乳头囊肿

Zygomaticoalveolar crest is the major site to sustain stress , which indicates that the fixation of zygomaticoalveolar crest should be strengthened and bony zygomatic process support should be rebuilt .

颧牙槽嵴是腓骨瓣上颌骨重建后咀嚼压力的主要受力部位，腓骨瓣上颌骨重建时要加强颧牙槽嵴的固定，重建骨性颧突支柱。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。