上颌骨的

Result:The two cases were all cured without lesion reoccurring by the end of following up period within 10 and 13 years.Conclusions:There is a close with congenital of chondroma.The clinical manifestation of chondroma in sinonasal and nasopharyngeal were complex.

结果：1例肿瘤位于均筛窦，破坏上颌窦内侧骨壁突向上颌窦腔及鼻腔；1例其基底位于以圆枕为中心的鼻咽侧壁，病理结果均诊断为软骨瘤，手术切除全部治愈，追踪分别10年和13年无复发。

The first three largest number of missing teeth is as follows: maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar and mandibular first molar. The first three largest number of resident teeth is as follows: mandibular cuspid, mandibular bicuspid and maxillary cuspid. The cases without occusal relationship account for 19.51%; and the cases which need occlusal reconstruction or occlusal elevation account for 19.51% of all the cases, while food impaction exists in 21.84% cases.

结果：本组老年人平均缺失牙齿9.10颗，缺失最多的前3位牙齿是上颌第一磨牙、上颌第二磨牙和下颌第一磨牙；余留最多的前3位牙齿是下颌尖牙、下颌第一双尖牙和上颌尖牙。19.51%的病例颌骨间无咬合接触关系，19.51%的病例修复时需咬合重建或咬合抬高；21.84%的病例修复前存在食物嵌塞。

Methods: Three-dimensional finite element was adopted to compare stress and displacement on osteotome-bone interface at the different shapes of top osteotomes top at osteotome sinus floor elevation.

Summers提出的"骨挤压上颌窦提升术"(osteo-tome sinus floor elevation，OSFE)，由于手术创伤小，术后反应轻，患者易于接受，已逐渐地被临床应用于上颌后牙缺失的种植体植入术中[1~5]。

Methods Three groups of patients,the first group place implant generally,the second groupuse Osteotome technique and Sinus floor elevation combined with implant placement,the third group use Osteotome technique and Sinus floor elevation,second time place implant after it be cured,calculate success rate.

方法三组患者，第一组常规行种植体埋入，第二组骨挤压法行上颌窦底提升术同期埋入种植牙，第三组行上颌窦底提升术后二期埋入种植牙。统计种植牙的存活率。

Cases underwent bilateral TMJ reconstruction, bone graft and genioplasty in order to advance the jaw. Bimaxillary surgical procedure was completed in 3 cases, and distraction osteogensis and TMJ reconstruction in 6 cases. Al patients gained good appearance, 29 patients can open their mouth larger than 3 cm, and one case had recurrent TMJ ankylosis. 29 cases'AI＜5 and oxygen saturation degree ＞90%(included the patient that had recurrent TMJ ankylosis).

结果 本研究有15例患者接受患侧下颌升支倒置TMJ重建、植骨前移，健侧升支矢状劈开、下颌前移和颏前移成形术；其中有3例行二期的上颌的Le Fort Ⅰ截骨术。6例行双侧TMJ重建、植骨前移下颌和颏成形术。3例施行同期双颌截骨前移和颏成形术；6例行单或双侧TMJ重建、牵引成骨术。

Results CT scans showed the density of the involved sinus cavities rised inhomogeneously in all patients, spot or lump calcification in 17 cases, the medial wall of maxillary sinus were and absorbed and destroyed in 5 cases, ostium of maxillary sinus was expanded in 11 cases...

结果CT征象：病变的窦腔内为不均匀的密度增高影，其中17例病变窦腔内呈不规则点状或片状钙化影，5例上颌窦内壁骨质吸收破坏，上颌窦口扩大11例，上颌窦骨壁增生硬化16例。

Res ults: The maxillary central incisor was similar to the maxillar y lateral incisor in stress distribution. The highest stresses were observed in the root surface, the liwest in the periodontal ligament, the alveolar bone between them .

结果：上颌中、侧切牙的应力分布基本相同；上颌中、侧切牙及其支持组织的应力分布不均匀，牙根部受应力最大，牙槽骨次之，牙周膜最小。

Objective:To provide detailed anatomical data of the theory and practice for endoscopic surgery in the PPF by studying the related applied anatomy of PPF through the lateral wall of the nasal cavity approach of endoscopic middle meatal transpalatine approach、middle meatal transantral approach and inferior turbinectomy transantral approach respectively.

目的：通过鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁中鼻道经腭骨入路、中鼻道经上颌窦入路、下鼻甲切除经上颌窦入路三种手术入路方式对翼腭窝进行相关应用解剖学研究，为临床鼻内镜下翼腭窝手术提供详实的解剖学理论和实践基础。

Methods:①To observe important landmarks of bony of PPF、the neurovascular structure and its relations with the surrounding structures via endoscopic middle meatal transpalatine approach、middle meatal transantral approach and inferior turbinectomy transantral approach respectively in 10 fresh cadaveric heads(20 sides).

①通过对10具(20侧)成人新鲜尸头分别采用鼻内镜下中鼻道经腭骨入路、经上颌窦入路、下鼻甲切除经上颌窦入路进行解剖，观测手术径路中穿经结构以及重要血管神经的毗邻关系。

Methods: Three-dimensional finite element was adopted to compare stress and displacement on osteotome-bone interface at the different shapes of top osteotomes top at osteotome sinus floor elevation.

Summers提出的&骨挤压上颌窦提升术&(osteo-tome sinus floor elevation，OSFE)，由于手术创伤小，术后反应轻，患者易于接受，已逐渐地被临床应用于上颌后牙缺失的种植体植入术中[1~5]。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。