上镜头的

The required courses are arranged to ensure that the students will be enabled to acquire the basic filmic skills and skills to use the equipments, so as to increase their practical capabilities, which include Photographic Lens Skills; Exposure Techniques and Skills, Application Principles For Sensitive Materials, On Camera Filters, Movie Camera, Film Lighting Techniques, Image Art Design, Skills in Cinematograph, Skills In Film Lighting, Basics of Film Shooting and Videotaping, Picture Framing, Computer Graphics, and Non-linear Editing and so on.

本系的必修科中，《摄影镜头的使用技巧》、《曝光技术与技巧》、《感光材料应用原理》、《摄影机滤光镜》、《电影摄影机》、《电影照明技术》、《造型艺术构思》、《电影摄影技巧》、《电影照明技巧》、《摄录像基础》、《电影摄影画面创作》、《计算机图形》和《非线性编辑》等课程能够保证学生熟练地掌握本专业的基本技术和设备的使用，并在此基础上增强学生的动手实践能力。

F-number: The figures marked on the lens collar to indicate the size of the lens aperture in relation to its focal length.

光圈值：刻划在镜头上用来表示镜头孔径与焦距关系的比值。

It is the first important step in video analysis and will directly affects the effectiveness of indexing Shot boundary detection is one of our major research interests and we will tackle the following existing problems the ambiguity between gradual change and camera motion, the discontinuity during gradual change, false detection caused by illumination variation and flashlight, automatic threshold selection Firstly, we discuss shot boundary detection in non-compressed domain In chapter 2, we compare some of the commonly used detection methods which are based on frame difference and point out that single feature will not generate good results As a conclusion, we use fuzzy logic to combine multiple features Presently, most frame difference based shot boundary detection algorithms rely on threshold and hence the selection of such thresholds will greatly affect the performance of boundary detection We propose a membership function to define frame difference and calculate the membership with self adaptation according to the statistic distribution of frame differences to satisfy different type of video clips Experiments show that the proposed fuzzy shot boundary detection algorithm can be used with different video types and has a high detection precision and recall In chapter 3, we discuss model-based shot boundary detection algorithms regarding chromatic and spatial editing effects such as fade-in, fade-out, dissolve and wipe Various parameters are proposed to better describe the characteristics of each editing type.

镜头边界的检测是把视频自动地分割为一个个镜头，作为基本的索引单元，因此它是视频分析重要的第一步，直接影响到视频检索的成败。镜头边界的检测是本文研究的重点之一。目前镜头边界检测算法主要存在以下问题：渐变与镜头运动难以区别；渐变过程中的不连续与停顿、光照条件的变化及闪光灯等特殊情况会引起误检测；自动选择阈值比较困难等。本文首先针对非压缩域视频进行了镜头边界检测的研究。在第二章中我们采用了比较流行的基于帧间差的方法。在比较各种帧间差计算方法的基础上，指出使用单一的特征难以取得很好的检测效果，提出用模糊逻辑综合使用各种特征。目前大多数基于帧间差的镜头边界检测算法都采用阈值法进行镜头转换的判别。阈值选择的误差对检测性能有较大的影响，本文提出用隶属度函数定义帧间差较大、中等较大和较小等概念，并根据帧间差的统计分布自适应地确定隶属度，以适应不同类型的视频片断。实验结果表明这种基于糊逻辑的镜头边界检测算法可以适应不同的视频，并具有较高的检测精度和检出率。在第三章中采用基于模型的方法进行镜头渐变的检测，研究了淡入／淡出、慢转换和扫换的模型。

AW: In general terms in the design of a lens the size of the lens can be minimized when the focal length and back focus distance are roughly equal.

伍尔兹：从总体上看在设计镜头大小的镜头时，可以减少焦距和背部重点距离大致相等。

Compared to the traditional way of building digital CMOS cameras, which involves optical elements that are created through plastic injection molding and glass molding as well as a relatively complicated process to match the optical unit to the IC, Tessera is using lenses that are produced on a wafer level and are automatically attached to the sensor package.

这种新的照相设备，名叫芯片级光学照相机，与传统的CMOS不同的是，他解决了一般光学部件需要一个塑料模具和镜头部件等复杂的程序再基于一个光学集成电路上的毛病～Tessera公司所用的镜头是芯片级的并且是自动传输到传感器上

Obviously, it seems that his intention is to make another kind of voice out of the deep water, which makes it fight against traditional phalloccntrism; while also entangle on the male dcsire peering at female bodies in his narrative words, using the supposing visual center in the film picture to disguise the ubiquitous male desire peering at female bodies, all which embody the desire to close the western cultural center regardless of the picture handling and cameral lens cutting. Finally, he spends every strain to alleviate visual pressure and catering to the visual feeling of the western audience using narrative tactics, while the real intention to fight for language right with traditional phallocentrism. So it"s safe to say that this is a right fight between traditional phallocentrism and marginal counterpart. Just as the sacrifice of women in Zhang"s films, the marginal women again betrayed in Lous, and women again become the punishing and desire subject and swapping subject between men.

似乎让另外一种声音浮出水面是他的叙事意图，使它能够对抗传统中心话语权威；然而，在他影片的叙事话语中，仍然纠缠于固执的男性对于女性的窥视，利用设定影片画面中的表层观看&中心&，企图掩饰他影片中无处不在的对于女性的窥视欲，无论是在影片画面处理、影片镜头的剪辑上都显示出对西方强势文化中心的靠近，利用其中叙事策略来尽量减轻或者迎合西方观众的视觉接受，而其真正的叙事权威就是利用&边缘&来争夺西方观众的肯定，来与传统男性中心权威话语争夺话语权，这是一场传统男性中心话语权威与男性边缘群体争夺话语权的斗争，就如张艺谋的影片中以牺牲女性为代价，娄的影片中同样牺牲了边缘女性群体，女性再一次成为窥视、惩罚的对象，成为男性交换的对象。

And more recently, it has been working in monocularly camera system have developed out of the interchangeable lens type digital camera, a journalist or professional photographer, because the old cameras equipped with and it is compatible with the camera, but in monocularly motorsied and rich control in place, and to use this old advanced in monocularly camera, the only disadvantage is that there is still a lens multiplication problem, to the wide angle shooting embitterthe, but improvement of aircraft and will soon be listed but by large camera with digital back systems are commercial photography only because the file is large, and you can control the level of the grass, and so on up-dip perspective, but price and a gateway to nearly one million, and the economy.

而最不远由老牌不复眼相机编制所成长不入的可互换镜头式数字相机，是故事记者或副业影相师的最爱，因为旧有镜头等配备和其编制兼容，而不复眼相机的机动性与丰裕的操控功用包罗万象，和搁置原有矮档不复眼相机实在一模差别，独一弊端是仍有镜头倍率的题目，给广角拍摄时甚为悲苦，但保守机种很快不离会上市！而由不小型相机配上数字机不面的编制是贸易影相的钝器，因为其档案较不小，又可把持仰俯等透视角度，但代价不远百不一，经济门坎较矮。

In between shots, I had to stay suspended on the wire, so the crew brought me hot ginger tea to drink so I wouldn't catch cold.

在镜头与镜头之间，我还是继续的被吊在半空中，所以工作人员给我送来了姜茶以避免我染上感冒。

A yurt is composed of hana (a supperting ring of the frame of a yurt), wuni, taonao (a kind of opening or skylight on the very top of the umbrella-shaped roof), buerjisu, door and door curtain.

一镜头组成的华（一supperting环帧一个镜头），乌尼， taonao （一种开放或天窗上非常热门的伞型屋顶）， buerjisu ，门和门窗帘。

But after an audacious Shuttle repair mission, when Hubble was fixed with what is effectively a pair of eyeglasses to correct its sight, the telescope has returned some of the most stunning images ever captured by science.

但是通过有危险性的航天飞机运载技术工人维修后，哈勃望远镜被装上了类似于人类眼镜的装置，装置起到了积极的作用，较正了镜头的透光，望远镜所拍摄的图像的质量与之前一些被用作科学研究的图像相比没有任何差异

The basic concept of FOP can be summarized as to further optimize effective prescription according to the standard of curative effects and with the aid of modern science and technology and theories of traditional Chinese medicine.

其基本内涵可概括为：以确有疗效的中药复方为研究对象，以现代科学技术和传统中医药理论为技术支持，以该复方所治病证的药效响应为评价标准，以优化重组疗效更优的新复方为研究目的。

Ever since our world has been a world, native forests have been indiscriminately exploited by man.

自从我们的世界一直是世界原生森林被任意剥削人。