上部构造

Based on the shell element degraded from the continuous body, concrete and configured steels are modeled by the layered shell element, and the vertical steels burdened with added loads are completed by the combined shell element. Then, with the smeared crack model, associated flow rule and Madrid hardening model, the material nonlinearity of the concrete is depicted. The stiffness matrix of nonlinear thin-walled shell element is deduced. As for RC multi-T girders subjected to transverse loads, the properties, such as crack expanding and steel yielding, are studied.

基于实体退化壳单元理论，采用分层单元模拟了混凝土和构造钢筋，采用组合单元模拟了受力纵筋；并利用弥散裂缝模型、关联流动法则和Madrid强化准则等来描述了混凝土的材料非线性，推导了非线性薄壁壳单元的统一单元模式，研究了横向荷载作用下RC多T梁上部结构的裂缝发展和钢筋屈服等性能。

At the stage of platform, the "higher Pb-Zn source bed" would be formed in the plantform-type carbonatite forma tions, especially in the first carbonatite position after every large-scale ingression, by enrichment of weathering deposition, diagenesis, biogenesis and organogenesis.

地台阶段，风化沉积成岩、生物有机质等富集作用形成了地台构造层的碳酸盐建造中（特别是大规模海侵后的第一个碳酸盐岩层位，如D〓、C〓、P〓。）的Pb、Zn上部矿源层。

They feature a predominantly black upper constructed from leather and nubuck.

这些功能以黑人为主上部构造皮革和磨砂。

This dissertation was focused on the research about the formation and evolution of NQB from the Late Triassic to the early middle Epoch of Jurassic Period, including integrated analyzing the characteristic of the key stratigraphic surfaces, the time of the key stratigraphy, regional rock straigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, sedimentary system and depositional facies. On basis of these analysis, a tectonic evolution model have been established for NQB during from the Late Triassic to the early middle Epoch of Jurassic Period.1. After the systematic surface analysis about main stratigraphy units, we found that:(1) the bottom of Xiaochaka formation was comformity with the middle Triassic in the basin, and in the north margin it was deposited and overlapped on the different period stratigraphy before Triassic.(2) The top surface of Xiaochaka formation developed regionally karst and paleo-karst breccia, and was uncomformity with Nadigangri Formation, these things suggest that NQB in Xiaochaka depositing stage was developed from middle Triassic basin, and then an extensive regression occurred, the deposition was over and erosion come into being.(3) The lithologic assemblage, geochemistry, mixed fossils, and stratigraphy overlapping characteristic of Quemocuo Formation in early middle Jurassic indicted that the uncomformity surface was an extension-unconformity.2. Integrated analysis about stratigraphy division and correlation indicted that:(1) the paleontologic assemblage of Xiaochaka formation show its time was Carian -Norian stage of late Triassic. According to it was overlapped by late Triassic Nadigangri Formation, so Xiaochaka formation should be Carian - early Norian stage.(2) the SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb age of Nadigangri formation volcanic rocks wear vary form 216 to 205 Ma, so its time should be Norian, but maybe extended into Rhaetian Stage.(3) The age of its bottom volcanic rocks, the fossil assemblages of its middle and upper members and overlapped by lower Jurassic, indicted the age of Riganpeicuo Formation was Norian - Rhaetian stage. And the same time, the volcanic rocks geochemistry of Nadigangri and Riganpeicuo formation both reflected that they wear formed in rift tectonic settings. The lower lithologic and surface characteristic, fossil assemblages and its upper maybe was conformity with lower Jurassic, all reflected that the age of Tumengela Formation in Tumen area should be Norian - Rhaetian stage.

论文对晚三叠世—中侏罗世早期盆地的形成与演化开展了研究，包括关键地层界面特征分析、关键地层时代归属分析、区域岩石地层、生物地层和年代地层的综合对比分析、区域沉积体系与沉积相分析、岩相古地理分析，最终建立晚三叠世—中侏罗世早期羌塘盆沉积—构造动力演化模式。1、系统的对各地层单元的界面分析发现：(1)肖茶卡组底界在盆地内部与中三叠统整合关系，在盆地北缘为沉积超覆于不同时代的前三叠系之上：(2)肖茶卡组顶界面发育古岩溶角砾岩，与上覆那底岗日组为岩溶不整合接触，说明肖茶卡组沉积时期的羌塘盆地是在早中三叠世的盆地基础发展起来的，后期出现了广泛的海退事件，使盆地结束沉积并遭受风化剥蚀作用；(3)中侏罗统雀莫错组的岩性组合特征、岩石化学特征、古生物化石混积和地层的沉积超覆现象均表现出裂陷环境下形成的伸展不整合面的特征。2、综合地层划分与对比分析认为：(1)肖茶卡组古生物化石组合反映其时代为晚三叠世卡尼期—若利期，根据其上被上三叠统那底岗日组不整合覆盖，将其时代厘定为卡尼期—若利期早期；(2)那底岗日组火山岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄在216～205 Ma之间，其时代主要为若利期，可能包含有瑞替期：(3)日干配错组底部火山岩的年龄、中上部化石组合及其被下侏罗统整合覆盖，综合反映的时代为晚三叠世若利期—瑞替期，而且那底岗日组火山岩和日干配错组火山岩的地球化学成分分析反映两者均为引张构造背景下的产物；土门地区的土门各拉组的下部岩性及界面特征、化石组合和上部可能被下侏罗统整合覆盖，综合反映其时代为若利期—若利期。

Its subject coverage includes: flammability and fire safety; pyrolysis kinetics and ignitability; honeycombs, laminates, pultrusions and SMC; synthesis and formulation of flame retardants; and performance in offshore structures, ship superstructures, and aircraft.

它的主题涉及的范围包括：燃烧性和防火安全；加热分解动能学和可燃性；分层、拉挤成型与SMC；阻燃剂的综合与公式化；近海结构、船的上部构造和航空器里的性能。

In order to prvoide the new clue for the later tapping oil potential of maturing oilfiled, especially for the stratagem adjustment of high water-cut inefficient exploitation reservoir, and prolongate the realm and orientation of tapping oil potential, the waterflooding characteristics and the law of remaining oil distribution were studied.

结果表明，该块油层水淹程度仅80%左右，剩余油在平面上分布于区块的绝大部分区域，且与构造高低无明显关系，纵向上主要集中于层段的上部，尤其是位于该块西北区构造低部位的北断层区潜力单元，是与目前老油田潜力区主要局限于正向型微构造区所不同的新类型与新领域。

Analyzing the model, especially the activity of Taihang Mountain piedmont fault, we got such main conclusion:1. Based on sequence stratigraphy, the strata is divided from the selected drills. And the Quaternary stratigraphic framework of Handan city is established, dividing the Quaternary strata into four parts- Qh, Qp3O , Qp2Y and Qp1G.2. With all the selected drill data of Handan city, a drill database is established. A quaternary strata 3D model of Handan city is imitated by GOCAD and ArcGIS, and so are the bottom structural map of each horizon.3. Analyzing the 3D model and the contradistinction section of drills, we got: the stratum of Qh and Qp3 is smooth and flat, with a feature of a higher west, little difference between south and north and undistinctness of faults; there are several depocenters along S-N and N-W in the stratum of Qp2, and the evolution of the stratum is controlled by a couple of ruptures, which means the tectonic movement is active in this period of time.4. Since quaternary, main tectonic movements happened in Qp2 and have been stable in Qp3 and Qh.

获得主要结论如下：1、利用层序地层学的方法将收集的邯郸市钻孔以及论文所依托项目野外施工的钻孔进行了具体的地层划分与对比，建立了邯郸市第四系等时地层格架，将邯郸市第四系划分为全新统、更新统上部欧庄组(Qp3O)、更新统中部杨柳青组(Qp2Y)和更新统下部固安组(Qp1G)。2、利用收集到的邯郸市水文、工勘钻孔以及所依托项目初勘和详勘两个阶段野外施工的钻孔数据，建立钻孔数据库，通过使用三维建模软件GOCAD和地理信息系统软件ArcGIS等进行模拟，得到邯郸市市区部分第四系地层三维可视化模型，并获得各个地层的底部构造图；3、通过对所天生模型和钻孔廊带对比剖面的分析，可以得到：全新世和更新世晚期(Qp3)时期地形整体较平缓，整体上显示西高东低、南北差异不大的格式，断裂显示不明显；更新世中期(Qp2)时期沿南北向和北西向存在几个沉积中心，地层发育受几条断裂的控制，反映了研究区的构造活动在更新世中期较为活跃；4、邯郸市自第四系以来，主要构造运动均发生于更新世中期，到更新世晚期及全新世时期逐渐趋于稳定，进而使更新统上部和全新统地层沉积均一且完好。

For Southwestern Margin of Aqikekule Lake ophiolite, their field geological, petrological, minerological, petrochemical and geochemical characteristics show that:① it outcropped as tectonic slices along the near west-to-east strike Kunzhong fault and is composed of metamorphic perodotties, cumulates and volcanic rocks, in which, chromites are distributed in the upper part of metamorphic peridotites as pods, or in the lower part of cumulates as near-strata;② metamorphic peridotites include serpentinites, chromite-bearing serpentinites, chlorite-epidote schists and chromitites, of which, chromitites have nodular and orbicular structure, and cumulates include pyroxenits, serpentinites, chromite-bearing serpentinites, chromites and metamorphically mafic rocks and only basalts are seen in volcanic rocks;③ Cr# of chromites suggest that they formed in the SSZ and Al〓O〓 and TiO〓 of metamorphic peridotites also suggest SSZ environment;④ metamorphic peridotites have V type and enriched LREE patterns, cumulates have from strongly depleted LREE, flat REE to enriched LREE patterns with universally striking positive Eu anomalies and basalts show flat REE or slight enriched LREE patterns with no Eu anomalies;⑤ trace element and Sm-Nd isotope characteristics of metamorphic peridotites imply their strikingly heterogeneous mantle character ε〓(t+4.39～+26.20 and later Nb, Ta fertilization;⑥ trace element characteristics of basalts and their tectonic diagrams show they probably formed in the rifted island arc or back-arc basin environment.

对阿其克库勒湖西南缘蛇绿岩，野外地质、岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学以及地球化学等特征表明：①该蛇绿岩以近东西向、沿昆中断裂呈构造岩片出露，由变质橄榄岩、堆晶岩和火山岩三个单元组成，其中见铬铁岩呈豆荚状产于变质橄榄岩的上部，或呈似层状产于堆晶岩的下部；②变质橄榄岩包括蛇纹岩、含铬铁矿蛇纹岩、绿帘绿泥片岩和铬铁岩等类型，其中，豆荚状铬铁矿具有结核状构造和球状构造，堆晶岩包括辉石岩、蛇纹岩、含铬铁矿蛇纹岩、铬铁岩和变质基性岩等类型，火山岩仅见玄武岩；③铬铁矿的Cr#表明其形成在俯冲带，变质橄榄岩的Al〓O〓和TiO〓成分也指示了SSZ环境；④变质橄榄岩的稀土配分型式见V型和LREE富集型两种型式，堆晶岩表现出从LREE强烈亏损、REE平坦分布到LREE富集的配分特征，并且普遍具有醒目的正Eu异常，玄武岩的稀土配分型式表现为平坦型或LREE略富集，无Eu异常；⑤变质橄榄岩的微量元素及Sm-Nd同位素特征指示了其地幔的显著不均一性ε〓(t为+4.39～+26.20以及Nb、Ta在后期的富集；⑥玄武岩的微量元素特征及构造图解表明其可能形成在裂谷岛弧或不成熟的弧后盆地环境。

The superstructure uses the standard drawing, the substructure has used the gravity T-shape abutment and the rectangular buttress, in the design carries on the size to the abutment and the bridge pier to draw up, simultaneously satisfies the design the principle, the abutment uses 9.3m, in satisfies the structure and under the operation requirements premise, the abutment uses 9.3m to be long, because the geological condition decided, the pillar body uses 12m to be high, the open excavation foundation, the process load computation and the load combination, has carried on the bridge abutment and the pillar bottom section stress separately to the abutment and the bridge pier examines calculated, examines calculated the result conforms to the standard requirement, the bridge span uses the straight line build, and established this bridge construction organization plan, including the engineering project characteristic, the construction plan, the job practice, the bridge building construction technology, the measure has drawn up the top cap and the tray structure and matches the muscle chart, finally has drawn up Shui Xigou the bridge overall and the horizontal plan.

上部结构采用标准图，下部结构采用了重力式T 形桥台和矩形桥墩，设计中对桥台和桥墩进行了尺寸拟定，在满足构造和使用要求的前提下，桥台采用9.3m长，由于地质条件决定，墩身采用12m高，明挖基础，经过荷载计算和荷载组合，对桥台和桥墩分别进行了台底和墩底截面应力的检算，检算结果符合规范要求，桥跨采用直线布设，并且编制了该桥的施工组织设计，其中有工程项目的特征、施工方案、施工方法、桥梁工程施工技术，措施绘制了顶帽及托盘构造及配筋图，最后绘制了水溪沟大桥的总体及平面图。

The superstructure uses the standard drawing, the substructure has used the gravity T-shape abutment and the rectangular buttress, in the design carries on the size to the abutment and the bridge pier to draw up, simultaneously satisfies the design the principle, the abutment uses 9.3m, in satisfies the structure and under the operation requirements premise, the abutment uses 9.3m to be long, because the geological condition decided, the pillar body uses 12m to be high, the open excavation foundation, the process load computation and the load combination, has carried on the bridge abutment and the pillar bottom section stress separately to the abutment and the bridge pier examines calculated, examines calculated the result conforms to the standard requirement, the bridge span uses the straight line build, and established this bridge construction organization plan, including the engineering project characteristic, the construction plan, the job practice, the bridge building construction technology, the measure has drawn up the top cap and the tray structure and matches the muscle chart, finally has drawn up Shui Xigou the bridge overall and the horizontal plan.

内昆铁路水溪沟大桥，中心里程为DK608+393.00，该桥的设计方案有三个，通过技术、经济比较，采用4×32m预应力混凝土简支梁桥方案，桥梁全长149.5m，I级单线铁路，设计时速为120km/h，设计荷载为中活载。上部结构采用标准图，下部结构采用了重力式T 形桥台和矩形桥墩，设计中对桥台和桥墩进行了尺寸拟定，在满足构造和使用要求的前提下，桥台采用9.3m长，由于地质条件决定，墩身采用12m高，明挖基础，经过荷载计算和荷载组合，对桥台和桥墩分别进行了台底和墩底截面应力的检算，检算结果符合规范要求，桥跨采用直线布设，并且编制了该桥的施工组织设计，其中有工程项目的特征、施工方案、施工方法、桥梁工程施工技术，措施绘制了顶帽及托盘构造及配筋图，最后绘制了水溪沟大桥的总体及平面图。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐