上胸骨

In choracic region,the distance from the puncture point to the median line should not exceed 20 mm,the appropriate angle between the needle and sternum is about 10 degree.The appropriate puncture depth from left and from right is 40 mm and 50 mm separtely.

经皮穿刺胸腺时为防止伤及左头臂静脉、上腔静脉以及胸膜腔，在颈部可在第3～4气管软骨环的下方进针；在胸部，沿胸骨后方上翘10°左右的角度穿入胸腺，距正中线左右不超过20 mm处进针，穿刺深度左侧40 mm，右侧50 mm为宜。

Shoulder Loop: down upper back; begins at center of upper palate to base of heart.

肩 圈：从上颚中心起，沿着颈部后侧和上背部往下到肩胛骨的下缘，往前到心脏底部和横膈膜顶部，再往上从胸骨底部到胸腔和喉咙，最后至上颚。

METHODS: Using thoracic computed tomography scans of 100 adults,we measured the distance from skin surface to pleura and tointrathoracic structures at the level of the sternal angle atthe midhemithoracic line, and at the level of the xiphoidprocess at the anterior axillary and midaxillary lines, as wellas the distance from the sternal midline to internal mammaryvessels.

通过对100位成年人进行胸部 CT 扫描，我们测量出胸半中线上胸骨角平面及腋前线和腋中线上剑突平面上皮肤表面至胸膜和胸腔内结构的距离及胸骨中线至内乳血管的距离。

Methods Superior partial median sternotomy,inferior partial median sternotomy,right parasternal approach,left parasternal approach,right anterolaterial minor thoracotomy,left anterolaterial minor thoracotomy,and minor median thoracotomy was imitated on twelve adult cadavers.

在12具成人尸体上模拟上半部分胸骨劈开切口、下半部分胸骨劈开切口、右侧胸骨旁切口、左侧胸骨旁切口、右前外侧小切口、左前外侧小切口以及正中小切口。

TheSternal Turnover"and" The Sternal Elevationare respective difference in indications andcharacteristics to treatment of pectus exeavatum.

采用胸骨翻转术和胸骨上举术治疗漏斗胸，各有其不同特点及手术适应证。

Perforated, compression molded foam back panel with airflow channels Dual density, yokestyle shoulder harness with airmesh Sternum strap with Safe-T whistle Stowable hipbelt Hydration compatible Internal organizer Front stash pocket X-bungee Light loop Rain cover Reflective hits Side water-bottle pockets Molded back panel with breathable mesh BackSaver bottom panel Top-access dedicated laptop pocket with elastic compression Padded bottom power-cord pocket Front electronics organizer with hanging pocket and audio port Large main compartment Mesh water-bottle pockets Small mesh pocket on shoulder strap Bottom compression Tuck-away hipbelt Front daisy chain with Hypalon reinforcement Safe-T whistle on sternum strap

穿孔， 压缩铸造了泡沫后面盘区以气流渠道双重密度， yokestyle 肩膀鞔具以airmesh 胸骨皮带以安全T 口哨 Stowable hipbelt 水合作用兼容内部组织者前面藏匿处口袋 X 橡皮筋轻的圈雨盖子反射性命中旁边水瓶口袋被铸造的盘区以适于吸入的滤网 BackSaver 底下盘区上面通入热忱的膝上计算机口袋以有弹性压缩被填塞的底下力量绳子口袋前面电子组织者以垂悬口袋和音像口岸大主要隔间滤网水瓶口袋小滤网口袋在肩带底下压缩卷起hipbelt 朝向雏菊链以Hypalon 增强安全T 口哨在胸骨皮带

In Group II, the ETTposition was determined by placing the prescribed marks on theETT at the level of the vocal cords, and in Group III, by palpatingthe ETT tip at the suprasternal notch.

在第2组，气管插管的位置由在到达声门水平的气管导管上标记规定的记号来确定。第3组，由在胸骨上切迹触摸气管导管顶端来确定。

Investigation section:Left ventricular long axis,Large-artery short axis,Four cavity heart［Beside sternum,apex of heart,examine arch of aorta in Suprasternal Fossa prorenata］.

探查切面：左室长轴、大动脉短轴、四腔心(胸骨旁、心尖，必要时胸骨上窝探查主动脉弓)。

To systematicallyinvestigate this landmark, we conducted a study in four phases:1 Two blindfolded examiners determined the distance betweenthe tuberosity's medial border and the clavicle's lateral endin 100 dried clavicles and then 2 performed subclavian veincannulation in 20 fresh human cadavers using the tuberosityand the suprasternal notch as landmarks. 3 Three-dimensionalreconstructions of the subclavian artery and vein and surroundingstructures were derived from computed tomography datasets of10 patients. The length of the path of a virtual subclavianvein cannulation with the deltoid tuberosity landmark was measuredbilaterally. 4 In a prospective, randomized trial, subclavianvein cannulation was performed in 60 patients with a standardapproach or with the deltoid tuberosity as landmark.

为系统地研究这个解剖标志，作者将本研究分为四个阶段：1 双盲检查100个干燥的锁骨测量其三角肌粗隆内侧缘至锁骨侧面末端的距离；2 在20具新鲜的尸体上以三角肌粗隆和胸骨上切迹为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺；3 利用 CT 所获取的数据资料对10个病人的锁骨下动脉和静脉以及周围结构进行三维重建，测量两侧以三角肌粗隆为标志的虚拟锁骨下静脉置管路径的长度；4 选择60例病人以标准路径或三角肌粗隆为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺的前瞻性随机试验研究。

To systematicallyinvestigate this landmark, we conducted a study in four phases:1 Two blindfolded examiners determined the distance betweenthe tuberosity's medial border and the clavicle's lateral endin 100 dried clavicles and then 2 performed subclavian veincannulation in 20 fresh human cadavers using the tuberosityand the suprasternal notch as landmarks. 3 Three-dimensionalreconstructions of the subclavian artery and vein and surroundingstructures were derived from computed tomography datasets of10 patients. The length of the path of a virtual subclavianvein cannulation with the deltoid tuberosity landmark was measuredbilaterally. 4 In a prospective, randomized trial, subclavianvein cannulation was performed in 60 patients with a standardapproach or with the deltoid tuberosity as landmark.

为系统地研究这个解剖标志，作者将本研究分为四个阶段：1 双盲检查100个乾燥的锁骨测量其三角肌粗隆内侧缘至锁骨侧面末端的距离；2 在20具新鲜的尸体上以三角肌粗隆和胸骨上切迹为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺；3 利用 CT 所获取的资料资料对10个病人的锁骨下动脉和静脉以及周围结构进行三维重建，测量两侧以三角肌粗隆为标志的虚拟锁骨下静脉置管路径的长度；4 选择60例病人以标准路径或三角肌粗隆为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺的前瞻性随机试验研究。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。