上游

In this paper, the 3-D finite element relocating mesh method is used to calculate the temperature field and the thermal creep stress field of spillway dam and mid level outlet dam in certain roller compacted concrete gravity dam, sensitivity analysis have been down with different parameters, such as placing temperature, the location of cooling pipe, cooling temperature, time for water supply, ascended-layer of concrete, intermissive time and different placing time, and the commendatory construction scheme have been put forward in such analysis; according by the test result on the two scheme of concrete aggregate combination (basalt as coarse aggregate and limestone as fine aggregate, basalt as coarse aggregate and basalt as fine aggregate), simulation analysis on temperature field and thermal creep stress field of the commendatory construction scheme have been down, and analysis have also been down on temperature field and thermal stress field of the two different aggregate combination, the result indicates that the spillway dam and mid level outlet dam which adopted these two aggregate combination can both satisfy the require of design crack resistance in concrete, furthermore limestone as fine is better than basalt as fine aggregate; the effect of summer water storage and winter water storage on the temperature field and thermal stress field have been analyzed, comparing with winter water storage, in summer water storage scheme the maximum tensile stress at abnormal concrete in upstream fill is decreased by 0.1～0.3MPa and there are no evidence change of the maximum tensile stress at other parts, which indicate that summer water storage is avail for the crack resistance of upstream fill; according to the simulation calculating result and comparing temperature simulation calculating results and temperature controlling measures of some similarity projects both completed and construction, synthesis appraise have been carried to the design temperature controlling measures of dam, and the temperature controlling measures of this project have been brought forward, all these have great reference value on the design of temperature controlling measures and the optimization of the construction scheme.

本文采用三维有限元浮动网格法仿真计算程序，对某碾压混凝土重力坝的溢流坝段和中孔坝段分别进行了三维有限元温度场和温度徐变应力仿真计算分析，对浇筑温度、冷却水管的布置方式、冷却水温、通水时间、浇筑升程和间歇时间、不同开始浇筑日期等参数进行了敏感性分析，在此基础上提出了推荐的施工方案；根据两种骨料方案(玄武岩粗骨料+灰岩细骨料方案；玄武岩粗骨料+玄武岩细骨料方案)的混凝土性能试验研究成果，对推荐的施工方案进行了温度场和温度徐变应力仿真计算，并对比分析了两种不同骨料情况下的温度场和温度应力，结果表明溢流坝段及中孔坝段采用上述两种骨料均能满足混凝土的抗裂设计要求，且灰岩细骨料优于玄武岩细骨料；计算分析了夏季蓄水和冬季蓄水对坝体温度场和温度应力的影响，夏季蓄水方案与冬季蓄水方案相比，坝体上游变态混凝土区域最大拉应力小0.1～0.3MPa，其他部位最大拉应力无明显变化，夏季蓄水对坝体上游面混凝土的抗裂有利；根据仿真计算成果并通过比较国内一些已建和在建的类似工程的温度仿真计算成果及采取的温控措施，对大坝的设计温控措施进行了综合评价，并提出了该工程的温控措施，对温控设计和优化施工方案具有重要参考价值。

The algal bloom sites and areas varied with seasons because many agricultural activities on the upstream of Techi reservoir and fertilizers ran off to the reservoir which provided a good environment for the growth of Peridinium bipes.

究其原因发现，水库上游集水区为梨山温带水果及高丽菜的主要产区，大量的营养盐随著山坡土壤的冲蚀而流入水库上游，因而提供二角多甲藻大量繁殖之良好环境。

The average sequence divergence between individuals was 0.0006, while the range within a population and between populations were both 0-0.0013. Fst values were 0.0704, 0.0491, and 0.0792 for Cox1, ND1, and the combination of both genes. These data showed significant genetic variances (P.05) among geographic populations. The taimen populations in Heilongjiang River could be divided into four subpopulations based on Fst values between these geographic populations. However, these populations shared one common haplotype (BH11) shown by haplotype network and haplotype distribution frequency analysis. This suggested that they evolved from a common ancestor (likely a population in the upstream of the Heilongjiang river) and shared common gene flows.

单倍型网络和AMOVA分析结果均表明黑龙江流域哲罗鲑存在显著的群体分化，Cox1基因、ND1基因及组合数据的群体间Fst分别为0.0704、0.0491、0.0792，均达到显著性水平（P.05），根据配对群体间Fst可以将黑龙江流域哲罗鲑群体分为黑龙江上游群体、呼玛河群体、乌苏里江群体、内蒙古伊敏河上游群体4个地理群。9个群体共享同一个单倍型（BH11），表明这些群体具有相同的演化历史，为同一个祖先群体演化而来。

The relationship between slope and upslope drainage area is derived by regression analysis, from the relationship the characteristics of gully initiation have been analyzed. Combined with the land use information, land use impact on gully initiation threshold has also been studied.

对坡度和上游汇水面积数据作回归分析，得到坡度和上游汇水面积的关系，进而分析研究区内切沟发育的特点；结合研究区土地利用状况分析土地利用对切沟发育临界条件的影响。

This is one of several Karakoram glaciers on the upper Indus and upper Yarkand Rivers that have caused ice dams and glacier outburst floods in the past, and are presently advancing across the rivers.

这是印度河上游和叶尔羌河上游曾经形成过冰坝、发生过洪水的几座冰川之一，现在正在向河道逼近。

It can be concluded that, when the jet is injected at positive angles, the initial section of the jet increases and the region affected by the jet decreases in the vertical direction; moreover, the circumfluence toward the jet exit becomes more obvious, and the separation events in the lee of the jet weaken. When the jet is injected at negative injection angles, it disarranges the flow upstream and the curvature of jet trajectories varies smartly along the flow direction.

结果表明：射流正向倾斜入射时，射流起始段增加，在垂直方向对主流场的影响区域减小，射流喷口上游位置处的&孔吸流动&更为明显，射流出口下游背风侧的分离现象逐渐减弱；射流反向倾斜入射，对上游流场的扰动增加，射流在弯曲段内曲率变化大。

This research will contribute to understanding the Holocene environmental change in north-eastern Tibet Plateau,as well as providing references to local hazard prevention,hydraulic engineering,and sustainable development,by reconstructing the palaeoflood history in the Guide Basin,where the upper Yellow River wriggles.

贵德盆地是黄河流域上游一个典型盆地。通过河漫滩沉积物来恢复该区古洪水的历史不仅对了解黄河上游洪水与水文气候变化有着重要理论价值，也能为现代防灾减灾和水利工程建设、可持续发展提供借鉴依据。

Song of the stage of confrontation, border Longnan for Song, Bailongjiang the upper reaches of Min River, Diego area for the payment of all; the Western Han Dynasty, when the upstream water for Song, Kim, according to the time.

这一阶段宋金对峙，陇南为宋金边境，白龙江上游岷、迭地区为金所有；西汉水上游时为宋有，时为金据。

The results showed that OsAgpS1a transcripts and the reporter gene GUS driven by the OsAgpS1a promoter had a similar expression pattern that abundantly expressed in endosperms but very low in leaves, whereas OsAgpS1b transcripts and the reporter gene GUS driven by the OsAgpS1b promoter own other similar expression pattern that expressed at a low level in leaves, roots and early development endosperms of rice.

结果表明，两个启动子与其下游转录本的表达模式完全一致，即OsAgpS1a转录本和OsAgpS1a上游启动子控制的GUS基因主要在胚乳中高水平表达，在叶片中有很低水平的表达；而OsAgpS1b转录本和OsAgpS1b上游启动子控制的GUS基因主要在叶片和胚乳发育早期低水平表达。

Implicit-pressure-explicitconcentration method was used. To assure the reliability of solution, including single point upstream, two-point upstream, LUDS method, and high order method based on LUDS; and material balance check is also provided.

模型采用了隐式压力和显式浓度的求解方法，为了保证求解的可靠性，采用了多种差分机制，包括单点上游权、两点上游权、LUDS方法和基于LUDS方法的高阶方法，并提供了物质平衡校验机制。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。