上微分

Based on traditional second-order SMC, integral action is introduced into the sliding surface to eliminate the steady state error and maintain the dynamic performance of Buck inverter.

在传统的比例微分二阶滑模的基础上，加入了输出电压偏差的积分环节，使系统本质上消除了稳态误差，同时保证相应的动态性能。

How to establish the adjoint medel is discussed by using the Gateaux differential of function and the concepts of the adjoint operators in Hibert space. At the same time it is verified that selecting proper finite difference scheme can ensure discrete form remaining the same adjoint r...

文中利用泛函的Gateaux微分和Hilbert空间上伴随算子的概念讨论了连续的伴随模型的建立，并通过选择适当的差分格式离散伴随模型，使其保持连续时的伴随关系，同时给出了水温初始场最优化过程及相应的同化试验数值结果。

In Chapter 2,a steady permeability identification problem in elliptic equa-tions for two-dimensional orthotropic medium is considered.We construct afunctional,obtain its first and second Gateaux differential,and prove that thefunctional is strictly convex on a convex admissible function set.We seek to iden-tify the permeability by minimization of the above functional.

第二章研究了二维稳态正交异性介质的渗透率反演问题，我们构造了一个泛函，求得该泛函的一、二阶Gateaux微分，证明了它在一个凸的容许集上的严格凸性，并使用极小化泛函即变分方法来求解此问题。

In this paper the dynamics characteristics are analyzed theoretically at first. According to the unique configuration and mechanics characteristics, the mechanics model and kinetic differential equation of the half-tracked air-cushion vehicle are established. Algorithm of mechanics and lifting-state parameters are put forward and analyzed. And variation ranges of the driving state parameters are obtained and the corresponding influence factors are analyzed. The further qualitative studies on control model are carried out.

因此，本文首先从理论上分析了半履带式气垫车的动力学特性，根据半履带式气垫车的独特结构和力学特性，建立了半履带式气垫车的力学模型和相应的运动微分方程，提出并分析了在纵摇与升沉运动时，半履带式气垫车的力学参数和垫升状态参数的计算方法，得到了在行驶过程中各运行状态参数的变化规律，并分析了相应的影响因素，进而对控制对象模型进行了定性研究。

One has its origin in algebraic geometry, whereas the other one comes from differential geometry.

借助于它们上面的Hermitian度量我们可以定义两个模空间：一个联系着代数几何；一个联系着微分几何。

The technique of boundary-fitted coordinate system is used to overcome the difficulties resulting from the complicated shapes of natural river boundaries;the method of alternating direction implicit finite difference scheme is used to solve the partial differential equations in the transformed plane;and the technique of moving boundary is used to deal with the river bed exposed to water surface.

用适体坐标技术克服天然河道复杂的几何边界给有限差分法所带来的困难；用交替方向隐式有限差分格式求解变换平面上的偏微分方程；用动边界技术处理河床的淹露。

Based on the theory, the differential geometry of statistical model proposed by Amari is generalized from probability space to Sugeno measure space, and a new notion of fuzzy manifold based on Sugeno measure is proposed, including the fundamental differential-geometrical structures of statistical models, the tangent space, and the Riemannian metric in a fuzzy manifold.

第四章介绍了Sugeno测度空间上随机变量的数字特征，在此基础上将学者Amari提出的统计流形从概率测度空间推广到Sugeno测度空间，提出了一种基于Sugeno测度的模糊流形分析方法，包括Sugeno模糊模型的基本微分几何结构，模糊流形中的切空间、黎曼度量。

To resolve thismodel,one approximate liner first derivative equation is used.An simple caculatemodel is setted up for caculating the motive adjust,and a mathematical equation incaculating the range of pressure motion in the system.Experiment data showe thatthese models have high accurecy.

在此基础上，对分析模型采用一阶微分近似线性化处理，建立了计算动态调节过程的简化计算模型，并以此建立了计算系统压力动态变幅的计算式，试验表明简化模型具有较高的精度。

Using this method, we will get the approximate solution of the fractional differential equations.

第三章在第二章的基础上把这个方法推广到更加复杂的分数阶微分方程，同样通过数值例子表明了该方法的高精度性和有效性。

Firstly, the isotropic difference templates were introduced to approximate the differential in the ADI-FDTD method, and the weighting coefficients of difference terms were determined for implementing isotropic numerical dispersion; Then the permittivity and permeability were adjusted manually to reduce the numerical dispersion error in any directions. Therefore the simulation accuracy and efficiency can be improved effectively for time domain problems with some finite bandwidths.

该方法在ADI-FDTD方法的差分近似微分中引入各向同性差分模板，并通过确定各向同性差分的加权系数来近似实现各向同性，然后人为修正空间的介质参数来减少各个方向上的数值色散误差，因此在模拟一定带宽的时域问题时可有效提高计算精度和计算效率。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。