上位

Seven main effect QTLs and 7 digenic interactions controlling heat tolerance during flowering time were detected in two-year experiments.

利用181个在亲本间具有多态性的SSR标记，构建了覆盖水稻全基因组1559.6cM、标记间平均距离为8.3cM的遗传连锁图谱。2年共检测到7个抽穗开花期耐热性主效应QTL以及7对上位性QTL.2004和2005年分别检测到3个和4个QTL，共解释29%和37.3%的表型变异。

Regarding to QTL analysis with single locus, segregation distortion would not affect QTL mapping, but regarding to analysis of digenic interactions for epistasis, the fewer distortion markers and larger size population would be needed.

对于单位点的QTL分析而言，偏分离标记一般不会影响QTL定位的位置和效应；对于两位点的上位性分析而言，则要求较少的偏分离标记和较大的群体。

It can be seen that some QTLs appeared to have pleiotropic effect by simultaneouslyaffecting two or more traits,also did some digenic interactions.

不仅QTL存在一因多效性，而且上位性也存在多效性，即相同对位点互作影响多个性状表现。

Regarding to QTL analysis with single locus,segregation distortion woul d not affect QTL mapping,but regarding to analysis of digenic interactions for epistasis,the fewer distortion markers and larger size population would be needed.

对于单位点的QTL分析而言，偏分离标记一般不会影响QTL定位的位置和效应；对于两位点的上位性分析而言，则要求较少的偏分离标记和较大的群体。

The results showed that tiller number is mainly controlled by both the general genetic factor and the GE interaction factor (with 61.7﹪ of the general heritability and 17.2﹪ of the GE interaction heritability).A total number of 19 QTLs was detected to associate with tiller number. Of these, 9 and 6 QTLs were with single locus effects and digenic effects, respectively. The epistatic effect between QTL 1-8 and QTL 1-12 was suggested to be a major effect due to the contribution of 21.6﹪ in spring season.

结果表明，分蘖数主要由普通遗传因素和互作遗传因素控制(呈现61.7﹪的普通遗传率和17.2﹪的互作遗传率)，共有19个QTLs与分蘖数有关，其中9个和6对QTLs分别具有单位点的遗传效应和2位点的互作效应，QTL1-8和QTL 1-12的上位性效应由于在春季的贡献率达21.6﹪，因而认为是一对主效。

Additive effects were predominant, totally explained 75% of the phenotypic variation and often combined with digenic epistasis. Of 12 main QTLs,9 showed Gaoyou alleles decreasing plant height. Most QTLs with QE effects showed ecologically favourable alleles in diverse regions.

株高受多个QTL影响（12个位点具有加性或兼有环境互作效应，5个位点具有互作效应），以加性效应为主，加性效应总和可解释定位群体表型变异的75%左右，并多兼有上位性效应。12个主效QTL中，9个是&高油&等位基因相对&Sollux&有降低株高的作用，大多数加性×环境互作QTL的有效等位基因具有环境选择特异性。

A scan of the whole genome for digenic interactions detected considerable amounts ofsignificant epistatic gene actions.Furthermore,many homologous pairwise loci with sameepistatic types observed simultaneously in both years,undoubtedly indicating that realinteractions exist in the population.

以双向方差分析方法对全基因组进行两位点互作显著性检测表明，存在大量的基因上位性作用显著影响产量等性状(P＜0.01)，而且两年能重复检测到同一显著互作乃至同一互作类型影响各性状。

This monitoring system consists of industrial control upper-computer having the friendly human and man interface, advanced reliable PLC lower-processor, 14 converters as the driving unit, we distinguishingly choose SIEMENS industrial computer, SIEMENS S7-300 series PLC and SIEMENS 6SE70 series converter.

该监控系统包括人机界面友好的工控上位机、先进可靠的PLC下位机和作为传动控制装置的14台变频器等部分。

Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, rarely superior; carpels (1 or)2–5,± adnate to inner side of cupular receptacle; fruit a pome, sometimes berrylike, rarely small and drupaceous.

子房下位的或半下位，很少上位；心皮(1或)2-5，多少贴生于杯状花托的内侧；果一梨果，有时，很少小和具核果。

Over a period of two years she received iron supplementation perorally and intravenously, as well as multiple blood transfusions, but the hemoglobin level did not exceed 10 g/dL. The investigations included upper endoscopy, duodenoscopy with side optical view, ileocolonoscopy, capsule endoscopy, antegrad single-balloon enteroscopy and conventional angiography of the abdominal vessels.

在两年多期间她口服或静脉注射补充铁的制剂，并多次进行输血，但她的血红蛋白含量仍达不到10g/dl，本研究让她接受包括上位内窥镜、十二指肠镜、回结直肠球囊内窥镜、单一的气球内镜和腹部血管常规的血管造影术检查。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。