上交换的

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

In chapter 2, the realization and decoupling of linear systems over a commutative Banach algebra have been studied.

第二章，研究了交换Banach代数上线性系统的实现与解耦控制。

Yet as odd as MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net.

然而，奇怪了麦克唐纳的交换，以物易物现在大企业上了网。

In Chapter 3,we investigate the boundedness results for some higher order commu-tators on MK_~.

第三章给出了高阶交换子在MK_~上的有界性结果。

Letty came to me to clear your name in exchange for bringing down Braga.

莱蒂来找我要以为布拉加运货来交换把你的名字从名单上除去。

The effects of pressure and temperature on the reaction of lipase - catalyzed transesterification of methyl oleate and citronellol have been studied.

在该装置上初步考察了反应压力和温度对脂肪酶催化油酸甲酯和外消旋香茅醇酯交换反应的影响。

As a result be placed in an absolutely beneficial position on production and commutation of that product.

因而在该产品的生产和交换上处于绝对有利地位。

In this note the problem of counting the number of polynomial functions over finite commutative rings is discussed.

本文主要讨论了有限交换环上多项式函数的计数问题。

But without the disposition to truck, barter, and exchange, every man must have produced to himself every necessity and conveniency of life

然而，人类如果没有互通有无、物物交换和互相交易的倾向，各个人都须亲自生产自己生活上一切必需品和便利品。

I am willing to negotiate with you on payment and delivery terms for a better price.

"我与你在付款以及交货条件上可以商量，来交换个更为实惠的价格吧。"

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。