三角测量

Complete Principle of Measurement , as the basic literature of large calendar mathematics series Chongzhenlishu, was the beginning of the Western trigonometry, spherical astronomy and measurement into China, involving area, volume measurement, flat triangle, spherical trigonometry and spherical astronomy's theory as well as measuring instruments'applying. Complete Principle of Measurement embodies Chongzhenlishu's axiomatic mathematics and astronomy and makes a contribution to the further spread of the Western learning.

《测量全义》作为编撰大型历算丛书《崇祯历书》的基础文献，是西方三角学、球面天文学及测量术系统传入我国之始，涉及面积、体积测量，平面三角、球面三角和球面天文学的基本理论以及测量仪器的制造和使用等，是《崇祯历书》中公理化数学和天文学体系的体现，为西学的进一步传播做出了贡献。

This study thoroughly inspects reciprocal method and leap-frog method of EDM trigonometric leveling along with relationship between EDM height, ellipsoid height, and orthometric height. An experimental area with 200m, 400m and 600m span intervals were set up with vertical angle error ±1.5〞and EDM error ±（2mm+2×10-6×Smm）.

本研究规划实验区实地针对200m、400m、600m三种测段长，采用之全测站仪之垂直角中误差为±1.5〞，测距中误差为±（2mm+2×10-6×Smm），进行EDM三角高程测量，并对测量方法及观测成果精度进行分析，实际探讨短距离EDM三角高程代替水准测量的可能性。

To systematicallyinvestigate this landmark, we conducted a study in four phases:1 Two blindfolded examiners determined the distance betweenthe tuberosity's medial border and the clavicle's lateral endin 100 dried clavicles and then 2 performed subclavian veincannulation in 20 fresh human cadavers using the tuberosityand the suprasternal notch as landmarks. 3 Three-dimensionalreconstructions of the subclavian artery and vein and surroundingstructures were derived from computed tomography datasets of10 patients. The length of the path of a virtual subclavianvein cannulation with the deltoid tuberosity landmark was measuredbilaterally. 4 In a prospective, randomized trial, subclavianvein cannulation was performed in 60 patients with a standardapproach or with the deltoid tuberosity as landmark.

为系统地研究这个解剖标志，作者将本研究分为四个阶段：1 双盲检查100个干燥的锁骨测量其三角肌粗隆内侧缘至锁骨侧面末端的距离；2 在20具新鲜的尸体上以三角肌粗隆和胸骨上切迹为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺；3 利用 CT 所获取的数据资料对10个病人的锁骨下动脉和静脉以及周围结构进行三维重建，测量两侧以三角肌粗隆为标志的虚拟锁骨下静脉置管路径的长度；4 选择60例病人以标准路径或三角肌粗隆为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺的前瞻性随机试验研究。

To systematicallyinvestigate this landmark, we conducted a study in four phases:1 Two blindfolded examiners determined the distance betweenthe tuberosity's medial border and the clavicle's lateral endin 100 dried clavicles and then 2 performed subclavian veincannulation in 20 fresh human cadavers using the tuberosityand the suprasternal notch as landmarks. 3 Three-dimensionalreconstructions of the subclavian artery and vein and surroundingstructures were derived from computed tomography datasets of10 patients. The length of the path of a virtual subclavianvein cannulation with the deltoid tuberosity landmark was measuredbilaterally. 4 In a prospective, randomized trial, subclavianvein cannulation was performed in 60 patients with a standardapproach or with the deltoid tuberosity as landmark.

为系统地研究这个解剖标志，作者将本研究分为四个阶段：1 双盲检查100个乾燥的锁骨测量其三角肌粗隆内侧缘至锁骨侧面末端的距离；2 在20具新鲜的尸体上以三角肌粗隆和胸骨上切迹为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺；3 利用 CT 所获取的资料资料对10个病人的锁骨下动脉和静脉以及周围结构进行三维重建，测量两侧以三角肌粗隆为标志的虚拟锁骨下静脉置管路径的长度；4 选择60例病人以标准路径或三角肌粗隆为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺的前瞻性随机试验研究。

It is introduced that with two total station instrument s after transforming to set up the station arbitrarily,the deduction for formula and the calculation for error are made to evaluate the differences in elevation with the subtending measurement of trigonometric leveling.

介绍了用两台改造后的全站仪任意置站的方法进行三角高程对向测量求取高差的公式推导和误差计算，论述了用三角高程测量代替二、三等水准测量的可行方法，测量时不必量取仪器高、目标高，减少了三角高程的误差来源，加快了施测速度。

It is introduced that with two total station instruments after transforming to set up the station arbitrarily,the deduction for formula and the calculation for error are made to evaluate the differences in elevation with the subtending measurement of trigonometric leveling .

介绍了用两台改造后的全站仪任意置站的方法进行三角高程对向测量求取高差的公式推导和误差计算，论述了用三角高程测量代替二、三等水准测量的可行方法，测量时不必量取仪器高、目标高，减少了三角高程的误差来源，加快了施测速度。

Section method is to split the pit slope surface into several trapezoids so as to calculate their surface area;through a digital survey of the pit slope surface,a numerical elevation model is set up,on the surface the triangular mesh is built,and all the triangular meshes are piled up to get the surface area.

小三角锁法是通过对宕口坡表面数字化测量，根据测量数据建立数字高程模型，并在表面建立小三角锁，对所有小三角的面积累加得到面积的一种方法。小三角锁法大大提高了计算的准确度和效率。

This paper is on the basis of principle of trigonal height measurement of total station,combined working practice,and analyzed the influence to trigonal height measurement precision of total station by the law of error propagation,we concluded the factors influence the precison of trigonal height survey of total station,so as to call attention to us in our jobs.

根据全站仪三角高程测量原理，结合工作实践，通过误差传播定律对影响全站仪三角高程测量精度进行分析，找出影响全站仪三角高程测量精度的因素，以便在测量工作中能够提高测量精度。

A variety of other factors seem to be brought into play with varying degrees of influence, such as linear perspective , detail and aerial perspectives, interposition, and etc.

它不仅是用双眼进行三角测量的过程，还有其它许多因素不同程度地产生影响，比如线性透视、细节与空中透视、干涉等等。

More than half a century has elapsed since the performance of three kinds of triangulations all over Japan.

自从在全日本进行这三种三角测量以来，已过了半个多世纪。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。