三维的

Because of the cragginess of the 3-D surface, the distortion stripes appear when the common rectangular grating or sine grating is projected onto the object surface, which includes information about the 3-D surface profilometry. The images including distortion stripes are taken by CCD camera. The 2-D stripes information is got after processing these images. On the basis of mathematic reconstruction model and arithmetic, the 3-D surface profilometry data are gotten.

用普通白光将矩形光栅或者正弦光栅投影于被测物体表面上，由于物体外形凹凸等几何形状变化而在物体表面产生畸变条纹，这些畸变条纹就包含了物体表面形状的三维信息，由CCD摄像头摄取这些畸变条纹信息，对这些图像进行相应的处理，得到有关条纹中心线的二维信息，然后再根据相应的数学转换模型和重构算法对物体的轮廓进行重构，就可以得到被测物体表面的三维外形数据信息。

Because of the cragginess of the 3-Dsurface, the distortion stripes appear when the common rectangular grating or sine grating is projected onto the object surface, which includes information about the 3-Dsurface profilometry. The images including distortion stripes are taken by CCD camera. The 2-D stripes information is got after processing these images. On the basis of mathematic reconstruction model and arithmetic , the 3-D surface profilometry data are gotten.

用普通白光将矩形光栅或者正弦光栅投影于被测物体表面上，由于物体外形凹凸等几何形状变化而在物体表面产生畸变条纹，这些畸变条纹就包含了物体表面形状的三维信息，由CCD摄像头摄取这些畸变条纹信息，对这些图像进行相应的处理，得到有关条纹中心线的二维信息，然后再根据相应的数学转换模型和重构算法对物体的轮廓进行重构，就可以得到被测物体表面的三维外形数据信息。

Objective: To get objective evidence of the optimal stress condition in broken ends of scaphoid loins fracture, to provide biomechanical basis for the clinical choice of the different fixation postures after scaphoid loins fracture and further to offer theoretical instructions for the treatment after scaphoid loins fracture, stress distribution and shift rules after three types of fracture in scaphoid loins (transverse fracture, radialis oblique fracture and ulnar side oblique fracture) were studied using electrometric method and three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis.

目的：运用电测法和三维有限元法，研究腕舟骨腰部三种类型骨折后腕关节在各种不同体位固定下骨折端的位移情况及其所受应力的分布和变化规律，从而得到骨折后良好折端应力条件的客观证据，为临床上腕舟骨腰部骨折后腕关节固定体位的选择提供生物力学依据，进而为腕舟骨腰部骨折后的临床固定治疗提供理论指导。方法：采用电测法和三维有限元实验方法进行生物力学测试。

The mathematical programming formulation and related solution procedure are established by the traditional BEM. Through the discretization of space and time, the elastoplastic stress simulation method and reduce-basis technique are adopted to construct the self-equilibrium stress field. The numbers of variables and constraint equations in the resulting mathematical programming formulation are reduced greatly and then the dimension obstacle of computation in 3-D limit and shakedown analysis is overcome.

采用常规边界元方法建立了三维结构极限与安定分析的数学规划格式，通过对时间和空间的离散化，并采用弹塑性模拟法构造自平衡应力场和引入减缩基技术，大大减少了所形成的数学规划格式中的未知变量和约束方程的数目，有效地克服了三维结构极限与安定分析中的维数障碍问题。

By means of estimates for three-dimensional discrete derivative Green's function , the theory of the interpolation operator of projection type and the technique of cancellation of elements, for several usual elements in the three-dimensional setting, including rectangular parallelepiped elements, tetrahedr.

借助三维离散导数Green函数的估计，投影型插值算子理论和单元合并技术，本文详细讨论了几种常用三维单元(包括长方体元，四面体元和三棱柱元)的有限元解梯度的最大模超逼近，均获得了高精度的超逼近结果。

The system utilized four laser scanners along lengthwise direction of the log. Data are obtained in every ten degrees when log is turning, in each cross section, 36 data are obtained. Then the data obtained were processed and an outline of the cross section of the log was developed on computer screen. Afterwards, the largest inscribed circles for log cross sections were determined according to the principle that three points can determine a circle. Secondly, the points located on the cross sections were linked up along some log generative in order to simulate the three-dimension log outline. At last the largest right circular cylinder were optimized and the optimum turning center was determined by means of projective theory.

具体作法是：在木段长度方向均匀设置四个激光传感器，当木段旋转时，起动激光传感器，进行数据采集，每隔10~0扫描一个点，在各横断面圆周上共采集36个点的数据，由计算机处理采集的数据，并绘制出原木横断面的几何图形，再根据三点定圆的原理，确定出最大内接圆；其次，模拟原木三维廓形，即将原木相邻横断面上离散点沿着母线方向连线，由计算机分析处理，绘制原木三维廓形；最后，采用投影法，优化出原木最大内接圆柱体，并确定原木回转中心线。

The stability of system equilibrium point and the existence condition of 3-D Hopf bifurcation as well as the stability of hence generated periodic solution were analyzed, so that the existence of limit cycles on the two-dimensional stable manifold of one microbial species and its nutrition was verified when other one had the disadvantage in the competition so as to become extinct.

研究当营养消耗率δ1＝δ1为一般的非减连续函数和δ2＝常数的三维Chemostat模型，分析系统平衡点的稳定性，三维系统经历Hopf分支的条件和由此产生的周期解的德定性，证明系统中某一微生物物种处于竞争劣势而趋于灭绝时另一微生物物种和营养的二维稳定流形上极限环的存在性。

The stability of system equilibrium point and the existence condition of 3-D Hopf bifurcation as well as the stability of hence generated periodic solution were analyzed,so that the existence of limit cycles on the two-dimensional stable manifold of one microbial species and its nutrition was verified when other one had the disadvantage in the competiti.

研究当营养消耗率1δ=1δ为一般的非减连续函数和2δ=常数的三维Chemostat模型，分析系统平衡点的稳定性，三维系统经历Hopf分支的条件和由此产生的周期解的稳定性，证明系统中某一微生物物种处于竞争劣势而趋于灭绝时另一微生物物种和营养的二维稳定流形上极限环的存在性。

This article mainly simulates gradually damage destruction process of rock, major in determinationg the definition of rock three-dimensional damage tensor, simplify to the damage tensor and obtain its engineering calculation method, and obtains the basic expression form of equivalent stress by equivalent stress assumption, symmetrization to the actual stress, thus obtains construction relation of the festival principle of three-dimensional damage rock mass, finally couples elasticity- plasticity with damage in the finite element equation, with reference to elasticity-plasticity gradually degenerated method thought, simulates rock damage to advance gradually the destruction process in finite element method, draws up elasticity - plasticity and damage coupling two-dimension finite element procedure with the C language in the VC contact surface, by simulating experiment destroyed process, acquires destruction image and the axial load distortion curve of model, agreement with the experimental result.

本文主要模拟岩石渐进损伤破坏过程，确定岩石三维损伤张量的定义，对损伤张量进行简化计算并得出其工程计算方法，采用等效应力假设得出有效应力的基本表达形式，对有效应力进行对称化，得出节理损伤岩体的三维本构关系，在有限元方程中实现弹塑性和损伤耦合；借鉴弹塑性渐进退化方法的思想，采用有限元的方法模拟岩石损伤渐进破坏过程，用C++语言在VC界面编制了弹塑性和损伤耦合的二维有限元程序，通过模拟已有的实验破坏过程，得出模型的破坏图像和轴向荷载变形曲线，与实验结果基本一致。

The results of 3-D numerical modeling of the transversely isotropic media with horizontal symmetry axis and the orthorhombic symmetry media showed that quasi P wave,quasi-SV wave and quasi-SH wave occurred during elastic wave propagation in 3-D anisotropic media. Meanwhile, the special phenomena such as the S wave splitting, the blind zone of S wave splitting and quasi-SV wave-front triplication were clearly observed. In addition, the elastic wave-fronts are spatially changed, and the coupled relations among the quasi-P wave,quasi-SV wave and quasiSH wave in 3-D anisotropic media are very complex.

对方位各向异性介质模型和正交各向异性介质模型中弹性波的传播进行的三维数值模拟结果表明，弹性波在三维各向异性介质中传播时存在拟P波、拟SV波和拟SH波，并出现横波分裂、横波分裂盲区、波面三分叉等特殊现象，另外，性波场在空间是变化的，其拟P波、拟SV波和拟SH波的耦合关系比较复杂。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。