三维

There are fourteen chapters, including introduction, plane stress and plane strain, two-dimensional problems in rectangular coordinates, two-dimensional problems in polar coordinates, photoelastic and moire experimental methods, two-dimensional problems in curvilinear coordinates, analysis of stress and strain in three dimensions, general theorems, torsion, bending of bars, axisymmetric stress and deformation in a solid of revolution, thermal stress, the propagation of waves in elastic solid media, at last there is an appendix on the application of finite-difference equations in elasticity.

全书共十四章，包括绪论、平面应力和平面应变、直角坐标中的二维问题、极坐标中的二维问题、光弹性与云纹实验方法、曲线坐标中的二维问题、三维应力和应变问题、一般定理、简单的三维弹性问题、扭转、杆的弯曲、回转体中的轴对称应力和变形、热应力、弹性固体介质中波的传播，最后有一附录，讲述差分方程在弹性理论中的应用。

Five novel torsion-mirror optical actuators including double-beam thickness differential structure with single torsional axis, double flexible folded-beam structure with single torsional axis, double-beam vertical torsion comb structure with single torsion axis, four-beam differential compound-micromirror structure with double torsional axis and the combined structure of the four basis forms above, are brought forward. All of these devices could be fabricated by the same silicon micromachining process we have developed. The deformation compensation design with local enhancement for the thin torsional beam which is the key structure of these devices is also put forward to improve the reliability. The three-dimension solid model and two-dimension reduced order model of the torsion-mirror optical actuator are established and then the numerical simulations for evaluating the device characteristics of the statics, dynamics, electrostatic field, mechanical and electrostatic coupling, fluid and solid coupling are carried out to optimize the structure design. Furthermore, three optical fibre clamping structures which could be integrated monolithicly are designed and analyzed to improve the optical coupling capability. 4. Three flexible process flows combined with bulk silicon micromachining and surface silicon micromachining are brought forward to fabricate these novel single-crystal silicon or polysilicon torsion-mirror optical actuators by using the same lithography masks for both SOI wafer and regular silicon wafer. A series of important process experiments are carried out to optimize the process parameters and the process flows. Some novel and typical process phenomena which occurred during the microfabrication are analyzed and then the corresponding solutions are put forward. 5. A MEMS dynamic testing system which exploit blur image synthetic technique, stroboscopic image matching technique, stroboscopic mirau microscopic interferometry technique and microscopic laser dopper vibrometer technique is set up to measure three-dimension and six-freedom micro motions of any MEMS devices with nanometer resolution.

在对硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的光机电特性系统地理论研究的基础上提出了硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的结构设计准则。3、提出了单轴双梁厚度差分结构、单轴双柔性折叠梁结构、单轴双梁垂直扭转梳齿结构、双轴四梁差动复合微镜结构以及以上四种基本结构组合后的衍生结构等五种工艺加工技术兼容的新型的硅微机械扭转镜光致动器，对器件关键结构薄厚度、高耐疲劳扭转梁进行了局部加强的变形补偿设计，建立了器件的三维实体模型以及两维降阶模型，对提出的新结构硅微机械扭转镜光致动器进行了系统的静力学、动力学、静电场、力电耦合和流体固体耦合的建模仿真与优化设计，同时设计并分析了三种可实现单芯片集成的弹性光纤定位夹紧结构。4、提出了组合体硅微加工技术与表面硅微加工技术、兼容同一套光刻版图、可分别基于SOI 晶片和普通Si 晶片、适应于制造提出的各种新结构单晶硅和多晶硅硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的三套柔性加工工艺流程，开展了一系列重要工艺步骤的单项工艺试验，对工艺流程与工艺参数进行了优化，针对加工过程中出现的具有普遍意义的典型工艺问题进行了讨论和分析，并提出了解决方法。5、创新性地将模糊图像合成技术、频闪图像匹配技术、频闪Mirau 显微干涉技术与显微激光多普勒测振技术有机结合，建立起了一套周期运动测量与瞬态运动测量相结合、单点运动测量与全视场运动测量相结合、满足不同MEMS 器件各种动态测试要求的集成的MEMS 三维六自由度微运动精密测量系统。

Asynchronous loading of control parameters · Rapid (25ns per pixel) rotation, warping, panning, and scaling of images · Three-dimensional image addressing capability · General third-order polynomial transformations in two dimensions on-chip · Three-dimensional transformation of up to order 1.5 also supported · Flexible, user-congurable pixel datapath timing structure · Static convolutional ltering of up to 16 x 16 Pixel, 256 x 256 pixel or 256 x 256 x 256 pixel windows · User-selectable source image subpixel resolution of 2-8 to 2-16 · Pin-compatible upgrade to TMC2302 · 24-bit (optional 36-bit) positioning precision within the source image space, 48-bit internal precision · Low power CMOS process · Available in a 120-pin Plastic Pin Grid Array and 120-lead Metric Quad Flat Pack

1第1页，本页显示记录1-11，共11条记录分1页显示·异步控制参数加载·快速（25ns的每个像素）旋转，弯曲，平移，缩放和图像·三维图像处理能力·一般二维三阶多项式变换片·三高达1.5三维变换命令也支持·灵活，用户可配置的数据通道的静态时序结构·高达16 × 16像素滤波卷积像素，256 × 256像素或256 × 256 × 256像素（3通）窗口·用户可选的源图像亚像素分辨率的2-8 2-16·引脚兼容的升级TMC2302·24位（可选36位）的定位源图像的空间内，48位内部高精度·低功耗CMOS精密加工·提供120引脚塑料针栅阵列和120引脚公制四方扁平封装

This approach first aligned 3D faces based on non-uniform mesh re-sampling which result the uniform number of vertex and topology structure and kept in a vector. Second, we changed the vector to the matrix by division and overlap, and then 2DLDA suggests a feature selection strategy to select the most discriminative features from the corner.

该算法首先使用基于非均匀网格重采样的方法对所有三维人脸做规格化处理，使三维人脸具有统一的点数和拓扑结构；其次，以先分段、再重叠的形式将原本一维向量表示组织为二维矩阵表示，然后使用二维线性判别分析方法(2DLDA)对获得的数据进行特征抽取。

We can compute three dimensionalvelocity distribution on a planar domain of flow field based on conventional ParticleImage Velocimetryand 3D reconstruction theory of stereophotogrammetry.

在流场空间两个不完全交叠的体积元(映射为两个摄影机象平面上以同名点为中心的两个相同大小的判读小区域)中的示踪粒子的统计性质都能同样表征这两个体积元公共中心的流体运动的假设下，PIV技术与体视三维重建理论的结合，可以将原PIV技术中二维统计平均的概念扩展为三维统计平均，并且在确定体积元公共中心位置之后，直接实现空间流体体元的三维位移重建。

A warp skeleton method was proposed to solve the descriptive issue of arbit rary 3D woven composite architecture , with the unit cell being decomposed into subcells/ grids. The subcell vector concept was int roduced to digitalize the 3D architecture , in order to use the 2D database table to store it .

利用经纱脉络描述法解决了任意三维机织复合材料的结构表征问题；提出了单胞分解法与亚胞向量概念，实现了三维结构的二维化、数字化，根据数字表征结果和经典截面假设构造了初始断裂模型；使用一种迭代算法对初始断裂模型进行优化，使纱线束逐步逼近真实形态，进而实现三维实体造型，在此基础上进行网格剖分。

This error analysis is divided into three technologies unit: the reading and demonstration of 3-D data format, the pre-conjoining of 3-D graph based on collecting point and the full conjoining of three dimensional graphs based on ICP algorithm, and the obtaining and color display of error value.

该误差分析部分分为三维数据格式的读取和显示、基于拾取点的三维图形的预拼合和基于ICP算法的三维图形的完整拼合、误差值的求取和误差值的彩色显示三个技术单元。

3D effect is analyzed and the average velocity of wave propagating in the pile, which mainly influences inverse interpretation, is discussed. Finally, the theory results are verified by model experiment. It is shown that 3D results have the same phase with ID results. The pile radius, the duration of impulse, the ratio of hammer radius to pile radius and shear velocity of the soil around the pile have influences on 3D effect. The best position of receiver is 0.55R from the pile center. The average velocity of wave propagating in the pile reduces due to transversal inertia effect and 3D effect.

结果表明：三维曲线与一维结果在相位特征上一致；波场图直观地反映了波在桩中的传播规律；三维效应与桩径、激振脉冲宽度、相对激振半径及桩周土剪切波速有关；传感器放在0.55R处可以得到干扰较小的信号；三维效应和横向惯性效应的存在会使桩中的波速减小，土的性质对波速影响不大；反演精度与缺陷的性质、激振条件有关。

According to geometry and mechanical distortion principle, a computer simulation and visualization technique is developed, which uses 2D seismic interpretative profile, tectonic plan map, sedimentary facies map and well log sheet to generate 3D tectonic-stratigraphic framework of basin, and also to establish spatial information system of real 3D digital basin.

根据几何学和机械变形原理，在具有自主知识产权的GeoView三维可视化地学信息系统平台上，研发出了通过二维地震解释剖面图、构造平面图、沉积相平面图和钻井柱状图生成真三维盆地构造－地层格架的计算机模拟和可视化技术，以及建立三维数字盆地的空间信息系统技术。

However,there have been no papers which have investigated Minkowski and Minkowski slant helices and Minkowski conical geodesic curves so far as.In this paper,our major study is to give the definition of Minkowski general helix and Minkowski slant helices and Minkowski conical geodesic curves in indicators 1 in pseudo-Euclidean three-space (that is, three-dimensional Minkowski space), and study the definition of equivalence Minkowski general helix, By considering geometric invariants of these space curves, we can estimate the order of contact with those special curves for general space curves.

本篇文章主要研究在指标数为1的3维伪欧氏空间(即三维Minkowski空间)中，我们给出Minkowski一般螺线、Minkowski斜螺线和Minkowski锥面测地线的定义，研究Minkowski一般螺线的等价定义，给出Minkowski斜螺线和Minkowski锥面测地线作为三维Minkowski空间中的特殊曲线所特有的性质，并通过考虑三维Minkowski空间曲线的几何不变量，估计Minkowski斜螺线和Minkowski锥面测地线这两种特殊曲线和一般Minkowski空间曲线切触的阶数。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。