三突的

The precision measurement of bevel cylindrical gear based on three dimension al shape;2. In this paper, based on the statistical data of the practical water irruptions, the three dimension al dispersion feature of water irruption is researched.

本文根据底板突水实例的统计资料，研究了突水灾害的空间分布规律；通过综合分析煤层底板内应力测试三维有限元电算及相似材料模拟结果探讨了底板突水灾害地下三维空间分布规律形成的原因，为深入研究底板突水的防治提供了参

Six cadavers were prepared for necroscopy, operative procedure of ILIF were simulated on L3-S1, and all related important anatomic structure and their relationship were observed and record. ILIF with transpedicle screw fixation were also performed with cage insertion.3. Twelve fresh frozen bovine lumbar functional spinal units were prepared for biomechanical testing. According to the different treatment order, the specimens were devided into 7 groups, which included: 1intact specimens, 2specimens were treated by left unilateral facetectomy and had homolateral anatomical threaded cages inserted, 3 TLIF with homolateral pedicle screw fixation, 4 TLIF with bilateral pedicle screw fixation, 5 specimens had anatomical threaded cages inserted on the left by intertransverse process approach, 6 ILIF with homolateral pedicle screw fixation, 7 ILIF with bilateral pedicle screw fixation.

方法1、对20名正常志愿者L3-S1节段进行CT增强+三维重建检查，在三维重建图形上测量横突长度、上下横突间距、椎间孔外椎间隙高度及斜径，观查横突间区域血管走形特点并测量血管内径，然后进行统计分析及评价。2、采用福尔马林固定尸体标本六具，模拟ILIF手术对L3-S1节段进行操作，观察横突间区域重要结构的位置和毗邻关系，并模拟同侧椎弓根钉和单枚椎间融合器的置入过程，探讨该术式存在的问题并改进。3、采用小牛脊柱运动节段标本12具，依序进行不同处理后分为以下7组：⑴正常对照组CG⑵左侧小关节切除+椎间融合器植入组(TLIF⑶TLIF附加同侧椎弓根钉固定组；⑷TLIF附加双侧椎弓根钉固定组；⑸左侧横突间入路椎间融合器植入组ILIF⑹ILIF附加同侧椎弓根钉固定组；⑺ILIF附加双侧椎弓根钉固定组。

The knowledge of relationship between cutaneous nerves and veins in the dorsal of hand could help us to reduce the pain of patients during venepuncture.

①由尺骨茎突、桡骨茎突和第三掌骨头形成的三角形区域为"乏神经区"；②由尺骨茎突至第3、4指蹼和由桡骨茎突至第1、2、3指蹼的连线为掌背皮神经的体表投影；③注意这些解剖学关系，在静脉穿刺时可减少病人痛苦。

METHODS: From June 2007 to March 2009, 8 patients with terrible triad of the elbow were treated. The fracture of the radial head was classified according to the system of Mason, with typeⅠ in 1 patients, type Ⅱ in 6 and type Ⅲ in 1; fracture of the coronoid process was classified according to the system of Regan and Morrey, with type Ⅰin 2 patients, type Ⅱ in 5, and type Ⅲ in 1. The hollow lag screws and Herbert screws were used to fixe coronoid process and radial head fractures, and repair Annular ligament. Lateral collateral ligament was repaired in 1 case. All injured extremities were treated with a posterior plaster splint with the elbow joint held in 90° of flexion and the forearm in neutral rotation for 2-3 weeks followed by elbow rehabilitation training.

于2007-06/2009-03共收治肘关节恐怖三联征患者8例，其中尺骨冠突骨折按 Regan-Morrey法分类：Ⅰ型2例，Ⅱ型5例，Ⅲ型1例；桡骨头骨折按Mason法分类：Ⅰ型1例，Ⅱ型6例，Ⅲ型1例。8例患者均采取了内固定治疗，采用中空拉力螺钉或Herbert螺钉固定冠突和桡骨头骨折，修补环状韧带，1例缝合修复肘外侧副韧带，术后屈肘90°旋前中立位，以塑形良好的高分子管型石膏固定两三周后开始屈伸和旋转康复训练。

Results:Fractures in body,angle and ascending branch of mandible could be showed fine by all these imaging methods. 3D-CT was better than 2D-CT and conventional X-ray plain film in diagnosis of fractures in condyle and coronoid process. Conventional X-ray plain film was poor in diagnosis of the maxillary fractures.2D-CT and 3D-CT were similar in diagnosis of the maxillary fractures.3D-CT showed the jaws fractures directly and stereoscopicly.

结果：对于下颌骨体部、角部和升支骨折，三种影像学都能很好的显示，对于髁状突和喙突骨折，三维CT检查优于常规X线和二维CT；常规X线显示上颌骨骨折较差，而二维CT和三维CT显示的准确性比较接近。

Electrophysciological indexes: in the experimental group ,the tardy rate of induced motorius action potential ,recovery rates of the amplitude of compound muscle action potential and twitch tension and tetanic tension of triceps surae muscle ,were significantly higher than in the control group.(4) Compared with the control group ,the triceps surae muscle wet weight was significantly greater in the experimental group.(5) histomorphological indexes: the count of myelinated nerve fibers ,diameter of regenerated axon,thickness of nerve myelin sheath and area of capillary were much more in the experimental group than in the control group.(6) observation of ultrastructure with the transmission election microscope: more abundant organella and maturer myelin sheath lay in the injured peripheral nerve of the experimental group, while not lay in the control group.

分别在术后第2、4、6周时进行各项指标的检测，结果发现：（1）实验组SD大鼠在整个实验过程中，其精神、毛发、体重，运动灵活性等一般情况优于对照组；（2）实验组的坐骨神经功能指数恢复率显著优于对照组，P＜0.01；（3）神经电生理指标：实验组运动神经诱发电位潜伏期的延迟率显著优于对照组，P＜0.05；复合肌肉动作电位振幅的恢复率显著高于对照组，两组比较第2周时P＜0.01，第4、6周时，P＜0.05；小腿三头肌单收缩力和强直收缩力的恢复率实验组显著高于对照组，P＜0.01；（4）小腿三头肌湿重的恢复率，第2、4周时实验组高于对照组，差异非常显著，P＜0.01；第6周时，差异仍显著，P＜0.05；（5）组织形态学指标：有髓神经轴突计数、再生轴突直径的恢复率，毛细血管面积，实验组均显著大于对照组，P＜0.01、P＜0.05、P＜0.001；实验组髓鞘厚度的恢复率也显著高于对照组，第2周时P＜0.01，第4、6周时，P＜0.05；（6）透射电镜超微结构观察：实验组再生轴突中细胞器丰富，髓鞘结构成熟，神经再生情况优于对照组。

All the indexes were tested in 2 -. 4 .. 6 weeks of operative intervals respectively. Results:(1) The general observation in the experimental group ,such as spirit, hair, body weight and activity ,was superior to that in the control group.(2) The recovery rate of sciatic nerve functional index (SF1) was statistically significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group .(3) electrophysciological indexes: m the experimental group ,the tardy rate of induced motorius action potential ,recovery rates of the amplitude of compound muscle action potential and twitch tension and tetanic tension of triceps surae muscle ,were significantly higher than in the control group.(4) Compared with the control group ,the triceps surae muscle wet weight was significantly greater in the experimental group.(5) histomorphological indexes: the count of myelinated nerve fibers ,diameter of regenerated axon, thickness of nerve myelin sheath and area of capillary were much more in the experimental group than in the control group.(6) observation of ultrastructure with the transmission election microscope: more abundant organell a and maturer myelin sheath lay in the injured peripheral nerve of the experimental group, while not lay in the control group.

分别在木后第2、4、6周时进行各项指标的检测，结果发现：（1）实验组SD大鼠在整个实验过程中，其精神、毛发、体重，运动灵活性等一般情况优于对照组；（2）实验组的坐骨神经功能指数恢复率显著优于对照组，P＜0.01；（3）神经电生理指标：实验组运动神经诱发电位潜伏期的延迟率显著优于对照组，P＜0.05；复合肌肉动作电位振幅的恢复率显著高于对照组，两组比较第2周时P＜0.01，第4、6周时，P＜0.05；小腿三头肌单收缩力和强直收缩力的恢复率实验组显著高于对照组，P＜0.01；（4）小腿三头肌湿重的恢复率，第2、4周时实验组高于对照组，差异非常显著，P＜0.01；第6周时，差异仍显著，P＜0.05；（5）组织形态学指标：有髓种经轴突计数、再生轴突直径的恢复率，毛细血管面积，实验组均显著大于对照组，P＜0.01、P＜0.05、P＜0.001；实验组髓鞘厚度的恢复率也显著高于对照组，第2周时P＜0.01，第4、6周时，P＜0.05；（6）透射电镜超微结构观察：实验组再生轴突中细胞器丰富，髓鞘结构成熟，神经再生情况优于对照纽。

Objective To set up the finite element model of typeⅡaxis odontoid fracture treated with anterior odontoid screw fixation and analyse the influence of different fixation position of screw different angle of fracture surface to the stability of odontoid process fracture fixed with anterior odontoid screw ,and then find the best biomechanical steady position of anterior odontoid screw.

目的建立Ⅱ型齿状突骨折螺钉固定的三维有限元模型，分析不同螺钉内固定位置以及骨折面角度对术后Ⅱ型齿状突骨折端稳定性的影响，探讨Ⅱ型齿状突骨折中空螺钉内固定的最佳生物力学稳定性位置。

From the simulations, we can see the distributions and transmission of strain and stress in model under different loadings, and the results explained the fractures very well. 4. Similarly, a axis FEM model was constructed to simulate the axis fracture, emphasized on the odontoid process. Three kind of odontoid process fracture were analysed on this model, which occurred respectively on the tip, the middle and the fundus. The results gave the best angle to fracture the odontoid process of the axis.

四、建立了枢椎的三维有限元模型，对枢椎齿状突骨折机理进行了理论上的研究，重点针对临床上齿突骨折的三种分类：1、齿突尖骨折；2、齿突腰部骨折；3、齿突基底部骨折，赋予齿状突在矢状面沿各种角度下受力条件，模拟衰椎前弓、襄椎横韧带以及CZ－3棘间韧带对枢椎造成的暴力破坏，确定了最可能引起齿状突暴力骨折的受力角度。

Similarly, a axis FEM model was constructed to simulate the axis fracture, emphasized on the odontoid process. Three kind of odontoid process fracture were analysed on this model, which occurred respectively on the tip, the middle and the fundus. The results gave the best angle to fracture the odontoid process of the axis.

四、建立了枢椎的三维有限元模型，对枢椎齿状突骨折机理进行了理论上的研究，重点针对临床上齿突骨折的三种分类：1、齿突尖骨折：2、齿突腰部骨折：3、齿突基底部骨折，赋予齿状突在矢状面沿各种角度下受力条件，模拟寰椎前弓、寰椎横韧带以及C2-3棘间韧带对枢椎造成的暴力破坏，确定了最可能引起齿状突暴力骨折的受力角度。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。