一阶理论

Through comparing the Ar (e,3e) double ionization experimental results at low collision energy with the theoretical calculation based on the first Born approximation which include the first order mechanisms SO and TS1, the symmetry breaking about the direction of the momentum transfer shows that the non-first order effects (such as two-step 2 mechanism) play an important role.

通过比较Ar在低碰撞能量下的(e ，3e)双电离实验结果和基于包含一次作用机制SO和TS1的一阶波恩近似的理论计算结果，表明在动量转移方向上对称性的破坏显示非一次效应(例如二型两步作用机制)起非常重要的作用。

By improving the Holder condition which the divided differences of order one satisfy,we obtain radius of convergence ball the uniqueness ball.All the theoretical conclusions are tested and verified by a numerical example.

通过改进一阶差商所满足的Holder连续条件，得到了两点弦截法的收敛球半径和方程具惟一解的球半径，并用数值例子验证了理论结果。

By using of the first order shear deformation shell theory, the strain-displacement relationships were presented.

采用Hamilton原理、压电理论和层合板壳的一阶剪切变形板壳理论，推导了压电层合板壳系统的运动方程。

By using o f the first order shear deformation shell theory, the strain-displacement relat ionships were presented.

采用Hamilton原理、压电理论和层合板壳的一阶剪切变形板壳理论，推导了压电层合板壳系统的运动方程。

A first order shear deformation theory of piezoelectric shell was proposed, which is based on Hamilton's principal, linear piezoelectricity theory and first order shear deformation laminated shell theory.

提出了一种压电层合板壳的一阶剪切变形理论。

A rectangular finite element for laminated plate with bonded and/or embedded piezoelectric sensors and actuators is developed based on the variational principle and the first order shear deformation theory.

基于变分原理和一阶剪切理论，本文建立了一种新的机电耦合矩形有限单元，该单元具有四个节点20个位移自由度，电自由度为单元中的压电铺层层数。

In chapter 2, a finite element model for the composite sandwich plates is developed, based on the Zig-Zag deformation assumption and the first order shear deformation theory, and the finite element buckling analysis governing equations for the plates under mechanical, thermal and/or thermal-mechanical mixed loads are deduced respectively. By Von-Karman nonlinear deformation relations and Total Lagrange formulation, an incremental governing equation for postbuckling analysis is established and a corresponding effective computational scheme is presented..

第二章首先建立了基于Zig-Zag截面变形假定和Mindlin一阶剪切理论的夹层板有限元分析模型，分别推导了夹层板机械力、热载和热—机械力耦合屈曲分析的有限元列式和相应的屈曲前以及屈曲临界状态的平衡方程，基于Von-Karman大挠度理论，采用增量形式的全局lagrangian法推导了复合材料夹层板增量形式的几何非线性有限元离散平衡方程，给出了一种有效的非线性平衡方程的迭代求解格式。

In model experiments, we find that the deviation of the first derivative calculated by Fourier transform is very large to comparing with the theoretical derivative, but the fitting effect of the derivative of anomalies calculated by cosine transform is very good. The calculation accuracy of data are all very high except that errors of several data on the boundary are large because of the residual Gibbus effect induced by finite truncation of gravity anomalies. Errors are -009%～5%.

模型实验中发现，用Fourier变换计算的一阶导数与理论导数偏差很大，而余弦变换计算的导数与理论异常导数拟合效果非常好，除边界几个数据因重力异常的有限截断产生的吉布斯效应残留使误差较大外，数据的计算精度均很高，误差为-009%～5%。

We can see that they are both philosophers and logicians, so we may find the grounds of their different kinds of analysis of proper names in first-order and modal logics.

但是应看到，弗雷格、罗素和克里普克不但是哲学家而且也都是逻辑学家，他们的哲学理论都有他们各自的逻辑理论的支持，因此他们对专名的不同分析可以从一阶逻辑与模态逻辑中找到依据。

And then the influence of two of the damage models, the Kachanov and the gradient-dependent constitutive equations, on the well-posed properties of the fundamental equations in continuum damage mechanics is studied according to the characteristic method of the quasi-linear partial differential equations under the case of one dimension elastic damage.

首先从非局部理论出发，推导了应变梯度损伤本构方程；然后利用一阶拟线性偏微分方程组的特征理论，在一维弹性损伤情况下分析了两种不同的本构模型，即Kachanov损伤本构方程与应变梯度损伤本构方程，对连续介质损伤力学基本方程适定性的影响。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。