一阶

Five novel torsion-mirror optical actuators including double-beam thickness differential structure with single torsional axis, double flexible folded-beam structure with single torsional axis, double-beam vertical torsion comb structure with single torsion axis, four-beam differential compound-micromirror structure with double torsional axis and the combined structure of the four basis forms above, are brought forward. All of these devices could be fabricated by the same silicon micromachining process we have developed. The deformation compensation design with local enhancement for the thin torsional beam which is the key structure of these devices is also put forward to improve the reliability. The three-dimension solid model and two-dimension reduced order model of the torsion-mirror optical actuator are established and then the numerical simulations for evaluating the device characteristics of the statics, dynamics, electrostatic field, mechanical and electrostatic coupling, fluid and solid coupling are carried out to optimize the structure design. Furthermore, three optical fibre clamping structures which could be integrated monolithicly are designed and analyzed to improve the optical coupling capability. 4. Three flexible process flows combined with bulk silicon micromachining and surface silicon micromachining are brought forward to fabricate these novel single-crystal silicon or polysilicon torsion-mirror optical actuators by using the same lithography masks for both SOI wafer and regular silicon wafer. A series of important process experiments are carried out to optimize the process parameters and the process flows. Some novel and typical process phenomena which occurred during the microfabrication are analyzed and then the corresponding solutions are put forward. 5. A MEMS dynamic testing system which exploit blur image synthetic technique, stroboscopic image matching technique, stroboscopic mirau microscopic interferometry technique and microscopic laser dopper vibrometer technique is set up to measure three-dimension and six-freedom micro motions of any MEMS devices with nanometer resolution.

在对硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的光机电特性系统地理论研究的基础上提出了硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的结构设计准则。3、提出了单轴双梁厚度差分结构、单轴双柔性折叠梁结构、单轴双梁垂直扭转梳齿结构、双轴四梁差动复合微镜结构以及以上四种基本结构组合后的衍生结构等五种工艺加工技术兼容的新型的硅微机械扭转镜光致动器，对器件关键结构薄厚度、高耐疲劳扭转梁进行了局部加强的变形补偿设计，建立了器件的三维实体模型以及两维降阶模型，对提出的新结构硅微机械扭转镜光致动器进行了系统的静力学、动力学、静电场、力电耦合和流体固体耦合的建模仿真与优化设计，同时设计并分析了三种可实现单芯片集成的弹性光纤定位夹紧结构。4、提出了组合体硅微加工技术与表面硅微加工技术、兼容同一套光刻版图、可分别基于SOI 晶片和普通Si 晶片、适应于制造提出的各种新结构单晶硅和多晶硅硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的三套柔性加工工艺流程，开展了一系列重要工艺步骤的单项工艺试验，对工艺流程与工艺参数进行了优化，针对加工过程中出现的具有普遍意义的典型工艺问题进行了讨论和分析，并提出了解决方法。5、创新性地将模糊图像合成技术、频闪图像匹配技术、频闪Mirau 显微干涉技术与显微激光多普勒测振技术有机结合，建立起了一套周期运动测量与瞬态运动测量相结合、单点运动测量与全视场运动测量相结合、满足不同MEMS 器件各种动态测试要求的集成的MEMS 三维六自由度微运动精密测量系统。

But at Amsterdam this colony found itself prevented by political troubles from departing, and divided into two bands, one of which settled at Westmalle in Belgium, while the other went to England and established itself at Lulworth in Dorsetshire, in the very place where formerly there had existed a Cistercian abbey which was destroyed by Henry VIII.

但在阿姆斯特丹这个殖民地发现自己阻止政治上的麻烦，从离境，并分为两个阶，其中收于韦斯特马勒在比利时，另一人则到英格兰和确立自己在lulworth在多塞特郡，在非常的地方，以前有已存在的修道院修道院被摧毁的亨利八世。

A supervised texture image segmentation algorithm based on dual tree complex wavelet transformand Markov random fieldmodel is proposed. The algorithm consists of two steps. First, the complex transform coefficients are statistically modelled

基于对偶树复小波和马尔可夫随机场模型提出了一种监督纹理图像分割算法，算法包括两个步骤，首先对复小波变换系数进行较为精确的建模，提取其一阶统计信息作为纹理特征，综合多个尺度的信息，基于极大似然标准进行初始分割

A high order finite element model of a duralumin flexible beam with distributed piezoelectric sensors and actuators was presented in this paper. The beam equation was developed incorporating the stiffness, mass and electromechanical coupling effects of the piezoelectric apparatuses.

本文针对一套表面粘贴有分布式压电传感器和致动器的LY12智能材料柔性臂系统，在对系统组成进行分析的基础上，建立了柔性臂实验系统的有限元模型，并采用自由度凝聚法对该模型进行了降阶处理，以方便控制器设计。

A new method of calculating the angle parameter in FRFT domain based on the eigenfunction of time-varying channel is proposed in this letter for FRFT-OFDM systems.

摘要针对FRFT-OFDM(分数阶傅里叶域的正交多载波)系统，该文提出了一种基于信道时变传输函数的FRFT域角度参数的估计算法。

Matrix iteration method can be employed to figure out the first eigenvalue and eigenvector of a matrix.

矩阵迭代法是求矩阵的第一阶特征值与特征向量的一种数值方法。

The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

The existence and the uniqueness of the difference solution are proved. Based on the priori estimates and an inequality about norms, the stability and the convergence of difference solutions with the second-order are proved in the energy norm.

利用矩阵理论证明了差分解的存在惟一性，并利用一个重要的不等式在先验估计的基础上，运用能量估计的方法证明了该格式按无穷范数以二阶精度收敛到真实解。

In this chapter the author expounded the origin of the concept of Free-form generators, pointed out that it is the certain result of the development of synchronous multi-axis CNC technology, explained the basic principle of the machining of extended epicycloid bevel gears on Free-form generators and the methods for both hardware and software implementation.

论文第2章是全文的基础，在这一章中，作者论述了Free-form型机床概念的由来，指出它是多轴联动数控技术发展的必然结果；阐述了Free-form型机床加工延伸外摆线锥齿轮的基本原理及其软硬件实现方式；将机床控制系统分解为包含两根虚拟主轴的有两组独立联动的八轴八联动系统；建立了Free－form型机床的数学模型；推导了展成运动速度、加速度及高阶加速度的表达式，为后续的理论分析奠定了基础。

A clinical investigation on providing enteral nutrition in earlier period for patients after underwent epigastrium surgery

计学，由于受到苏联1954年统计科学会议的影响，即把统计学定义为一门具有阶

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。