一阶

The project will develop a bandpass sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter for digital audio broadcasting system in three years. In the first year, we had finished the system simulation for IF receiver using conventional high speed ADC and bandpass sigma-delta ADC, respectively. We also had done the analysis and design of high-order bandpass sigma-delta modulator structure. In this year, we have developed a coefficient synthesis method for high order bandpass sigma-delta modulator using high order filter transfer functions (inverse Chebyshev bandreject filter function).

本计划将在三年内发展一个能应用在数位音讯广播系统的带通sigma-delta类比/数位转换器(analog-to-digital converter，ADC)，在第一年度中我们分别以传统高速类比/数位转换器及带通SD类比/数位转换器的接收系统为例，并结合编码正交多工器(Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex，COFDM)的技术，建立一套DAB系统模拟的方法，同时并研究有关高阶带通SD类比/数位调变器的架构及电路，并已成功开发出一个由高阶滤波器合成的高阶带通调变器。

Let F=LF be a s-closed local formation such that every minimal non-F-groups is solvable. It is proved that 1 If every cyclic subgroup of of order 4 and every minimal subgroup of G are contained in, then G is a F-group. 2 If there exists a normal subgroup N of G such that G/N∈F and every cyclic subgroup of N of order 4 is weakly c-normal in G and every element of N of prime order is contained in Z(superscript f subscript ∞), then G is a F-group.

设F=LF是一个子群闭的局部群系，满足每个极小非F-群是可解群，证明了：1如果G的任意极小子群和任意4阶循环子群都含于Z中，那么G是F-群；2如果存在G的正规子群，使得G/N∈F，且N的任一4阶循环子群在G中弱c-正规，N的任一素数阶元含于Z中，那么G是F-群。

The performance of traditional particle filter would be degenerate in alpha stable distribution noise.A new fractional lower order particle filter based on fractional lower order model was presented in this paper,and the detailed operation algorithm was proposed.

在alpha稳定分布噪声下，传统的基于二阶模型的粒子滤波器性能会出现退化，文章提出了一种基于分数低阶模型的分数低阶粒子滤波器，并给出了具体的运算公式。

By Laurie Barclay, MDJanuary 21, 2009 — Success in the primary care setting of either step-up or step-down treatment of new-onset dyspeptic symptoms is similar, but the step-up strategy is more cost effective at 6?months for initial treatment of patients with dyspepsia in primary care, according to the results of a double-blind, randomized controlled trial reported in the January 17 issue of The Lancet .

January 21， 2009 —根据一项刊登在1月17日Lancet的双盲、随机分派研究结果，在初级照护下，以进阶或是降阶治疗新发生消化不良症状的效果是相当的，但是进阶治疗策略对消化不良病患的起始治疗而言，在治疗6个月后更符合经济效益。

"Although treatment success with either step-up or step-down treatment is similar, the step-up strategy is more cost effective at 6 months for initial treatment of patients with new onset dyspeptic symptoms in primary care," the study authors write."Nonetheless, patients on initial empirical treatment with proton pump inhibitor show an earlier response, especially in the small subgroup with predominant reflux symptoms."

作者们写到，虽然进阶或降阶组的治疗成效相当，但是进阶策略在治疗开始6个月后对接受初级照护的新发作消化不良症状病患而言是更符合经济效益的；然而，一开始经验疗法使用质子帮浦抑制剂的病患，反应较快，特别是在少数以逆流症状为主的病患中。

The best advantage of the method is that it can solve the complex fractional order calculus equation which can hardly be answered by the general calculus knowledge.

该方法最大的优点是能够解决由一般的分数阶微积分知识所不能或是很难求解的复杂分数阶微积分问题，对于分数阶的钱性微积分方程也完全适用。

In Chapter 4, we consider more complex fractional nonlinear differential equation,also using the high order approximation presented by Lubich to construct correspond-ing numerical scheme and giving the error analysis of the algorithms.

在第四章中，进一步的考虑更复杂的非线性分数阶常微分方程，同样利用的是Lubich提出分数阶导数的高阶近似，构造相应的数值格式，并给出这一算法的误差分析，即相容性，收敛性和稳定性的证明。

One position control system is introduced as the objective controlled by FOC. Based on Mittag-Leffler function, the fractional order control system with full memory length is adopted as evaluation criterion, and an approximation performance function of discretization methods is proposed. Analyzing the time domain error and approximation performance, the investigation to various discretization methods is carried out comparatively in detail.

引入一个位置控制系统作为分数阶控制对象，将Mittag-Leffler函数的全记忆长度分数阶控制系统作为评估基准，提出了一种离散算法的近似性能函数，通过时域误差分析以及近似性能分析，对比研究了分数阶微积分算子的数字实现方法。

The second-order linear homogeneous differential equations in differential equation theory occupies an important position, but the second order differential equation has no general solution method, most of the solutions of these equations is difficult to obtain analytical expressions and even some impossible to obtain the solution of the form, and the second order differential equation solving is divided into homogeneous and inhomogeneous problems.

二阶线性齐次微分方程在微分方程理论中占有重要位置，但二阶变系数微分方程却没有一般的求解方法，大多数这类方程很难求得解的分析表达式甚至有的根本不可能求得其解的分析形式，并且二阶变系数微分方程的求解又分为齐次的和非齐次的问题。

Furthermore, in order to overcome the disadvantage of GMC, i.e., it can only apply to the processes with relative order of 1, based on Lie derivative, we propose to let the r th derivative of the process output follow the given reference trajectory, to get the control law expression through solving an optimization problem.

针对GMC方法只适于相对阶r为1的简单过程的缺点，采用Lie导数的概念，令过程输出的r阶导数的轨迹为事先设定的标称轨迹，通过解优化问题得到控制律表达式，把GMC方法推广至相对阶r大于1的复杂多输入多输出过程，从而提出了一种广义一般模型控制方法。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。