一阶

Based on the process models and the desired closed-loop system responses, the analytical expressions of the tuning parameters of the primary and secondary controllers were proposed by means of first order Páde approximation, and then the digital PID controllers were obtained by using bilinear transformation method.

基于过程模型和期望闭环系统响应整定PID参数，采用一阶Páde近似纯迟延环节，以解析的形式推导出了主控制器和副控制器整定参数的表达式，并采用双线性变换法得到离散时间PID控制器。

Its main tasks are to deal with binary images, gray scale processing, and the use of Sobel, Canny, Roberts, Laplacan operator of four digital image edge detection, the results show that: Roberts operator more precise positioning, but more sensitive to noise, Sobel operator son of gray-scale images with low noise gradient has a better detection of the effect of Laplacian can be detected in the vast majority of the edge did not appear at the same time the basic pseudo-edge, the edge can be precisely targeted, Canny operator is the traditional first-order differential operator in one of the best operator to detect the best edge detection, edges clear, make clear at a glance.

主要工作包括图像的二值处理，灰度处理，并运用Sobel、Canny、Roberts、Laplacan四个算子实现数字图像边缘检测，结果表明：Roberts 算子定位比较精确，但对噪声比较敏感，Sobel算子对灰度渐变低噪声的图像有较好的检测效果，拉普拉斯算子可以检测出绝大部分边缘，同时基本没有出现伪边缘，可以精确定位边缘，Canny算子是传统一阶微分算子中最好的算子之一，检测边缘检测的效果最好，边缘轮廓清晰，使人一目了然。问题补充：摘要英文翻译，不要在线翻译的，是在线等！急啊！！！！谢谢！！！！

Its main tasks are to deal with binary images, gray scale processing, and the use of Sobel, Canny, Roberts, Laplacan operator of four digital image edge detection, the results show that: Roberts operator more precise positioning, but more sensitive to noise, Sobel operator Gradient gray son of low-noise images have a better detection of the effect of Laplacian can be detected in the vast majority of the edge did not appear at the same time the basic pseudo-edge, the edge can be precisely targeted, Canny operator is the traditional first-order differential operator in one of the best operator to detect the best edge detection, edges clear, make clear at a glance

主要工作包括图像的二值处理，灰度处理，并运用Sobel、Canny、Roberts、Laplacan四个算子实现数字图像边缘检测，结果表明：Roberts 算子定位比较精确，但对噪声比较敏感，Sobel算子对灰度渐变低噪声的图像有较好的检测效果，拉普拉斯算子可以检测出绝大部分边缘，同时基本没有出现伪边缘，可以精确定位边缘，Canny算子是传统一阶微分算子中最好的算子之一，检测边缘检测的效果最好，边缘轮廓清晰，使人一目了然。不要在线翻译的那种！在线等！！急！！！谢谢！！！

With the example of the chaos game, a parallel algorithm is designed for this kind of recurrence question by bisection method.

通过对含有概率的迭代函数系统的仿射变换系数进行改造，将IFS的动态迭代问题静态化，使之成为典型一阶线性递推问题。

Moreover, all analysis here is based on the first-order Distorted Wave Born Approximation theoretical model that has been quite successful in engineering application.

并且，这里所有的分析都是根据在工程应用中最成熟的一阶畸变波Born近似理论模型。

According to the theory of first-order Born approximation,a Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography model of single scattering infinite narrow beam is established,and the reason why it is hard to obtain the exact solution of integrated scattering equation is analyzed.

选择多层介质作为样品，根据波恩一阶近似理论建立了单次散射的无限细直光束频域OCT模型，并分析了散射积分方程很难得到精确解的原因。

We apply not only the Bouguer gravity anomaly data but also the first derivative of the Bouguer gravity anomaly.

在应用布格重力异常数据的同时，还应用了布格重力异常一阶导数。

The course contains four sections as follows: mathematical logic (including basic concepts of propositional logic and predicate logic, propositional calculuses and inference theories), set theory (including set algebras, relations, functions and cardinal numbers), algebraic structure (including algebraic systems, semigroups and groups, rings and fields, lattices and Boolean algebras), graph theory (including basic concepts of graph, Euler graphs and Hamiltonian graphs, trees, planar graphs and coloring graphs, some special vertex subsets and edge subsets).

本课程包含四部分内容：数理逻辑（包含命题逻辑与一阶逻辑的基本概念、等值演算以及推理理论），集合论（包含集合代数、二元关系、函数和基数），代数结构（包含代数系统、半群与群、环与域、格与布尔代数），图论（包含图的基本概念、欧拉图与哈密顿图、树、平面图及图的着色、图的某些特殊的顶点子集与边子集）。

This CDR is first-order and therefore inherently stable.

此CDR是一阶系统，因此本质上就是稳定的。

The dips deriving from transformer energizing can be distinguished via ST contour easily, and the dips caused by faults or motor inductions are classified using corrected first central moment and phase angle curve of amplitude envelope vectors from S-matrix.

利用S变换时频等值线图可以容易地识别由变压器激磁引起的电压凹陷；对于由各种故障和感应电机启动引起的凹陷，通过求取S矩阵幅值包络向量的修正一阶中心矩和相位变化曲线实现了分类。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。