一阶

With the advancement of science and technology, some new theories and new ways emerged gradually, some of them merged with specific theoretical tools, this specific theoretical tools include mathematical morphology, fuzzy techniques, neural networks, wavelet and so on. Secondly, in this paper, it described and analyzed the segmentation method based on the edge in the domain of image segmentation in detail. It did experiments on several edge detection operators using MATLAB, it summarized the advantage and the shortcoming of traditional edge detection operators, and the operating environment. On the basis of the experimental analysis, it implemented an edge location more precise, more efficient operating speed edge extraction method——Template Vector. In this method, it optimized differential approximate calculation of first differential operators the paper mentioned. After experimented on this edge extraction method, contracted with the traditional methods, the edge outline is extracted more accurately and more exquisitely, furthermore, it retained the object outline furthest, and achieved more satisfied edge extraction result.

其次，对图像分割领域中常用的基于边缘的分割方法进行了详细的研究与分析，对各种边缘检测算子进行了MATLAB环境下的实验，分析总结了各种传统边缘检测算子的优缺点和适应环境，并针对传统边缘检测算子在处理显微图像时的缺陷，在实验分析的基础上研究并实现了一种边缘定位更加精确、运算速度更加快捷的边缘提取方法——模板向量算法，在该算法中，对文章提到的一阶微分算子中微分的近似计算作进一步优化，经过对该边缘提取方法进行实验，其结果与传统方法相比，轮廓提取更为精确细腻，且最大程度的保留了图像中物体(目标个体或者明显噪声点)的轮廓，得到了比较理想的边缘提取效果。

In this paper we use pointwise modulus of smoothness to study approximation direct theorem and equivalent theorem for some linear operators and quasi-interpolant operators; Using pointwise modulus we discuss the strong converse inequality on K-functional; and using a modified weighted K-functional and weighted modulus of smoothness we study approximation with Jacobi weight on operator with non-zero first order moments.

本文利用点态光滑模ω_~(2r)来研究某些线性算子及逆中插式逼近正定理和等价定理；利用点态光滑模讨论其关于K-泛函的强逆不等式；同时利用一种改变的带权K-泛函和带权光滑模研究一阶矩不为零的算子的点态带Jacobi权逼近。

Secondly, using the relation between the weighted modified K-functional, the weighted modulus of smoothness ,the weighted main-part modulus of smoothness . we get the pointwise direct and inverse approximation theorem with Jacobi weight for Szdsz-Kantorovich operator. Thus some results on w = 0w(x denotes the weight function, Ditzian-Totik modulus and classic modulus are extend.

其次，引入一种改变的带权K-泛函，利用带权光滑模和带权主部光滑的关系及带权光滑模与改变带权K-泛函的等价性，关于Szász-Kantorovich算子，讨论了一阶矩不为零的算子的点态带Jacobi权逼近正定理及等价定理，推广了已有的权为零及Ditzian-Totik光滑模和古典光滑模的结果。

If we can prove the independence of an axiomatic system, then we can guarantee the conciseness of this system, ie.

如果能够证明某个一阶谓词系统的独立性，那么就能够保证该系统的建立是精炼的，即没有任何一条公理或推理规则是多余的。

It assumes survival time follow exponential distribution and quality of life initial value follow beta distribution. In order to correlate present quality of life with former quality of life, each quality of life were evaluations generated from AR(1) model. In addition, we set parameters of AR(1) model between 0 and 1, calculates expected QAST from different parameter combinations.

假设存活时间服从指数分布、生活品质初始值服从Beta分布，并利用时间序列一阶自我回归过程First-Order Autoregression Process， AR(1的模型产生各次生活品质评量值，使当次的生活品质与前一次的生活品质产生相关性，并将AR(1)模型中的参数设定为介於0与1之间的值，且产生不同的组合。

In this paper,we study the problem finding basic circle in plane graph,in which the number and coordinate of nodes and the node number of two ends of the side is given,we create a method,which is enlightened by the"proble of find way in labyrinth",to find way in branch point and then to find basic circle.

论文讨论了平面图形中存在着节点和边，在已知节点的坐标、标号以及边的标号和边两端的节点标号情况下，对其中存在的一阶环进行计算机搜索问题，提出了受"走迷宫"问题启发的一种在分叉点沿一定的方向进行搜索的方法。

Three different numerical iterative algorithms are developed and the accuracy and stabilities of them are compared. Tension and compression instabilities are studied and effects of Conservative Smoothing Approach and artificial viscosity on stabilities are discussed. Based on Taylor series expansion, Modified SPH method is proposed. The discrete forms of the function and its first derivative estimations of the kernel function are deduced in both one and two dimensional space.

讨论了三种不同的数值迭代算法对计算精度和稳定性的影响；分析了不稳定性产生的根源，包括拉伸不稳定和压缩不稳定，探讨了保守光滑算法和人为粘性对稳定性的影响；在Taylor展开的基础上提出了一种修正的SPH方法，并推导一维和二维情形下函数的核估计和函数的一阶导数核估计的离散形式，结果表明，二维情形下MSPH方法可以很好的改善边界粒子的计算精度。

Negative doubles : A negative double at the one level or when there is exactly one unbid major guarantees at least four cards in any unbid major (opener may rebid in a three-card suit there in a pinch); otherwise, that requirement is only tentative (opener should not rebid in a three-card suit).

否定性加倍：否定性加倍在一阶或当正确地有一门未叫高花即为保证任何未叫高花至少有4张以上(开叫者可能在不得已情况下叫出3张高花)；否则，这只是一种假设性的要求(开叫者不应叫出3张的高花)。

The purpose of opening the orifice was to sluice. The influence of fluctuating pressure upon the dam was another problem which was concerned by engineer. The paper analyzed Shuangkoudu masonry arch dam. The result indicated that the dam natural frequencies which consider the dam and the reservoir water interaction have great different from the preponderant frequencies of fluctuating pressure, the dam's first rank of vibration was far away from the high energy region of the fluctuating flow, so the sympathetic vibration would not take place.

坝身开设孔口主要目的是为了泄洪，泄洪时水流脉动压力对坝体结构动的影响是设计人员关心的另一课题，论文针对双口渡浆砌石拱坝进行了分析，研究结果表明：在考虑坝体一库水相互作用时坝体自振频率和水流脉动压力的优势频率相差较大，坝体的一阶振动远离脉动水流的高能量范围，二者不会发生共振。

A new dynamic sliding mode control law is presented for tracking control of robot manipulator.New switch function based on backstepping method is designed to transfer discontinuity to derivativeness of the control law,so that the chatterings of control can be eliminated.

针对机器人跟踪控制问题，设计了一种新型的动态滑模控制器，采用反演方法设计一种新的切换函数，将不连续项转移到了控制的一阶导数中，得到了输入的平滑性的动态滑模控制律。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。