一阶

Centuries later, Edinburgh had developed into a town based on the castle. After the unification of England and Scotland, capitalism became the main character of the economy of Edinburgh. At that time, the old town of Edinburgh had arrived at a kind of saturation in the pre-industrialization of middle age: productivity and acceptance level had reached the limit in terms of city plane, space dimensions and city functions. When the Industrial Revolution came, the population increased in times and a great deal of factories and residence were needed to be built up.

从第一次工业革命结束以来，这一郊区化过程可以划分为两个阶段：从1767年第一座新城动工至1850年第五座新城竣工为第一阶段，这一时期郊区化扩展规模大、速度快，建筑内容丰富等特点，故称其为爱丁堡城市郊区化的规模扩展阶段；第二阶段从19世纪50年代第六座新城和第七座新城相继建造至1890年七座新城内主要建筑的建设全部完毕，在这一阶段里，郊区化的城市面积扩展规模较小，重点在于完善城市内部的功能，因此这一阶段可称为郊区化的完善城市功能阶段。

Through comparing the Ar (e,3e) double ionization experimental results at low collision energy with the theoretical calculation based on the first Born approximation which include the first order mechanisms SO and TS1, the symmetry breaking about the direction of the momentum transfer shows that the non-first order effects (such as two-step 2 mechanism) play an important role.

通过比较Ar在低碰撞能量下的(e ，3e)双电离实验结果和基于包含一次作用机制SO和TS1的一阶波恩近似的理论计算结果，表明在动量转移方向上对称性的破坏显示非一次效应(例如二型两步作用机制)起非常重要的作用。

A manner is presented with which complex curves including polylines, conics or free curves can be precisely represented, and corresponding algorithm is designed. The curve can be C〓 or C〓 continuous. So all type of curves and their composites can be represented in NURBS. A deep research is paid to skinning surface. Different forms of the formation of knots vector are applied to different section forms.

对由多段直线、二次曲线、自由曲线进行任意组合的这类复杂曲线，提出了一种用一条NURBS曲线进行精确表示的方法，并设计了相应的算法，曲线段连接处根据需要可为一阶连续或形成尖点，从而使所有类型的曲线及由它们任意组合所生成的复杂曲线统一用NURBS表示。

In this paper,at first we transformed the nonlinear elliptic system of 2m first order equations into the complex form, then by use the results on the Riemann-Hilbert problem for nonlinear elliptic complex equation of first order, the method of continuity, the Schauder fixed-point theorem and the Leray-Schauder theorem, we proved that the modified Riemann-Hilbert boundary value problem for the complex system with some conditions is solvable.

本文先将较一般的多个未知函数的一阶椭圆型实方程组化为复方程组，然后讨论这些复方程组在某些条件下的一些边值问题的可解性。这里所考虑的方程组既包含线性的，也包含非线性的，比广义超解析函数所满足的方程组还要广，又本文主要研究较一般的Riemann-Hilbert边值问题，先给出这种边值问题解的先验估计式，然后用参数开拓法及Leray-Schauder定理证明这种边值问题的可解性结果。

Through the numerical computation and comparison with the exact solutions of one dimensional linear convection equation and nonlinear equation, accuracy of the first order upwind scheme is analyzed in detail.

摘 要：通过对一维线性对流方程和一维非线性对流方程的数值求解，对一阶迎风差分格式的精度作了较详细的分析。

In this paper, the test problem on generalized causal theory is specially studied, as there proved to have good results on generalized causal theory, while there aren't any on general first order theory.

本文特别研究了扩展的因果理论中的测试问题，因为在扩展的因果理论上能够证明有比较好的结果，而在一般的一阶理论上得不到这一结果。

According to the problems that are encountered in designing the mathematical knowledge representation language in NKI (national knowledge infrastructure) and after the discussion of ontological assumptions for mathematical objects, two kinds of formalisms for the representation of mathematical knowledge are provided. One is a description logic in which the range of an attribute can be a formula in some logical language; and another is a first order logic in which an ontology represented by the description logic is a part of the logical language.

根据在设计NKI(national knowledge infrastructure)的数学知识表示语言中遇到的问题，并在讨论了数学对象的本体论假设的基础上提出了两种数学知识的表示方法：一种是以一个逻辑语言上的公式为属性值域的描述逻辑；另一种是以描述逻辑描述的本体为逻辑语言的一部分的一阶逻辑。

Several forms of design storm hyetograph have been developed in recent years. A Gauss-Markov hyetograph is based on non-stationary first-order Markov process. It is a dimensionless hyetograph and the most likely to occur is the average hyetograph.

暴雨雨型模式有许多种，本研究采用具尺度不变性之高斯马可夫雨型模式，该暴雨雨型模式视每一场降雨事件为一随机历程，考虑每个时刻之序列符合常态分布，以一阶高斯马可夫历程叙述临前水文条件的遗传效应，因此该雨型亦为具有最大概似度之设计暴雨雨型。

L be a normal operator and , for every If is an isolated point in .

为一复数。若入是a 人＊是丑（A的一阶极点；（2）R入。一A）C H and N入。

The Segall-Mahan theory is employed to calculate both one and two longitudinal-optical phonon sidebands of free excitons of zinc oxide in a wide temperature range.

理论在一定温度范围内对ZnO光致发光谱中自由激子产生的一阶和二阶光学声子伴线进行了研究。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。