一阶

System theory and semiology are the main theories, and rumor research is secondary to support the article.

本文以系统论和符号学为主要理论支持，辅以谣言研究，以一阶观察和二阶观察区分论述层次。

By the improved algorithm of exploring iterative interpolation method, the pre-estimate formula in the form of 2-order differential equation have been replaced by pre-estimate formula in the form of 1-order differential equation, confirm the u monotony accession strictly. It could avoid the interpolation direction converse and oscillation.

算法采用改进的探索迭代法实现，用一阶差分预估器代替二阶差分预估位置点的偏差器，保证曲线参数u的严格单调增加，以消除插补方向反转和振荡现象。

The study of aerodynamic characteristics of a notchback car with rear wing at different angles of attack;2. In order to increase manipulation stability, a rear wing is appended to an automobile.

应用RNGk-ε湍流模型对国产某型号轿车车身进行了外围流场数值模拟，针对高速条件下轿车尾部升力随之增加、操纵稳定性下降的特点，设计了一阶和二阶尾翼。

Due to the demand of the large angle attitude control, the unit quaternion is used to describe the spacecraft attitude in this thesis.

针对飞行器以姿控发动机作为姿控执行机构时的大角度姿态运动需求，本文采用单位四元数作为弹体姿态描述，考虑到姿控发动机布局对姿态控制的影响，直接以姿控发动机推力作为系统的控制输入，利用反馈线性化方法，将原非线性系统转化为一个六阶线性子系统和一个一阶内动态子系统。

The results show that the established measurement model of factors structure of Raven standard reasoning test have certain rationality in the study.

研究结果表明，本研究建立的瑞文标准推理测验的因素结构模型提供的三个一阶因素和一个一阶因素，分别为一级推断能力、二级推断、应对新异性问题的能力和一般推理能力等。

First,owing to the wide range of use of WeibuU distribution,we propose the Weibull MTD model,which has improved the MTD model based on Gaussian distribution in some thick-tailed cases;Second,some stationarity properties of the model are discussed;After that,we apply the standard EM algorithm to mixture models to get the estimation equations and then expose bootstrap method to calculate confidence region of the parameters;Finally,some simulations and an example are analyzed in detail,which show that when analyzing nonstandard date,such as financial date,insurance date and so on,it is more proper for estimation to use the Weibull MTD model than the Gaussian MTD model.

首先给出基于Weibull分布的混合转移分布模型的一阶与k阶平稳的充分必要条件；接着，应用EM算法，得到了参数的极大似然估计及它们的标准误差；然后，应用Bootstrap方法，得到了参数的置信区间；最后，通过模拟与实例分析，说明该模型在分析来自金融、保险等某些厚尾分布的数据时，在参数估计方面的表现优于高斯混合转移分布模型。

Gravity anomaly of sea surface, vertical gradient of gravity anomaly, downward continuation, cylinder method, geometry method

地表重力异常及其梯度本质上都是位的派生物，重力异常是其径向的一阶导数，垂直梯度是其二阶导数，它对接近地表的扰动物质更为敏感。

For the regular curves, we find two Killing fields for the purpose of integrating the structural equations of the p-elastic curves and express the p-elastica by quadratures in a system of cylind...

对于正则曲线的情形，我们发现了两个用于求解p-弹性曲线的结构方程的Killing向量场并用积分将p-弹性曲线在一个柱面坐标系中表示出来，而对仿射星形曲线的情形，我们用积分方法解出了欧拉-拉格朗日方程，利用Killing向量场及线性李代数s1(2，R)、s1(3，R)和s1(4，R)的分类将高阶结构方程降为一阶线性方程，因此我们用积分完全解出了中心仿射p-弹性曲线。

For the regular curves, we find two Killing fields for the purpose of integrating the structural equations of the p-elastic curves and express the p-elastica by quadratures in a system of cy...

对于正则曲线的情形，我们发现了两个用于求解p-弹性曲线的结构方程的Killing向量场并用积分将p-弹性曲线在一个柱面坐标系中表示出来，而对仿射星形曲线的情形，我们用积分方法解出了欧拉-拉格朗日方程，利用Killing向量场及线性李代数s1(2，R)、s1(3，R)和s1(4，R)的分类将高阶结构方程降为一阶线性方程，因此我们用积分完全解出了中心仿射p-弹性曲线。

For the regular curves, we find two Killing fields for the purpose of integrating the structural equations of the p-elastic curves and express the p-elastica by quadratures in a syste...

对于正则曲线的情形，我们发现了两个用于求解p-弹性曲线的结构方程的Killing向量场并用积分将p-弹性曲线在一个柱面坐标系中表示出来，而对仿射星形曲线的情形，我们用积分方法解出了欧拉-拉格朗日方程，利用Killing向量场及线性李代数s1(2，R)、s1(3，R)和s1(4，R)的分类将高阶结构方程降为一阶线性方程，因此我们用积分完全解出了中心仿射p-弹性曲线。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。