一阶

The similarity logic calculus systems based on incomplete information and incomplete case knowledge is constructed by using a first order modal logic and a simplified second order predicate calculus. The grammar、semantics and inference rule are described.

采用传统的一阶模态谓词逻辑和简化的二阶谓词逻辑分别构建了基于信息不完整和实例知识不完整的相似性逻辑演算系统IISL和IKSL，给出了系统的语法、语义和推理规则。

And the spectrum was divided into three regions, which were 430~100 nm, 1 000~1 800 nm, 430~1 800 nm, respectively. Four methods of spectrum data preprocessing were used, which were multiplicative scattering correction, standard normal variate, first derivative and second derivative.

应用多元散射校正，标准正态变量变换，一阶微分和二阶微分四种不同预处理方法，分别在430~1 000 nm、1 000~1 800 nm和430~1 800 nm三个光谱范围内建立识别脐橙污染程度的偏最小二乘法数学模型。

In the temperature sensing, the theory of fiber Bragg grating temperature sensing has first been proposed, the characteristic of the FBG temperature sensing was analyzed, it was deduced that the sensitivity coefficients of first-order and second-order ,and experimental findings was protracted, the gained polynomial better inosculate with the theory value. The experiment was processed in the low temperature , the thermo-optic coefficient was emended in the polynomial of the normal temperature ,the result was accorded with the sensing character of the normal and low temperature ,and it was resolved that the theory account of the normal and low temperature did not accord with the experiment.

在温度传感方面，主要从光纤布拉格光栅的温度传感模式出发，对光纤布拉格光栅的温度传感特性进行了分析，推导出了光纤光栅的一阶与二阶温度灵敏度系数，并对实验数据进行了拟和，所得多项式和理论值吻合的很好，并对低温传感进行了实验，将在常温下得出的多项式进行了热光系数的修正，所得的结果同时符合常温与低温的传感特性，解决了低温与常温情况下的理论计算与实验的不一致性。

After a one-level new-suit response, a responder's rebid of four of opener's minor is

一阶新花应叫之后，应叫者的四阶开叫低花之再叫为

Let be twice differentiable on the open interval. Then

如果函数在上连续，在内具有一阶和二阶导数，那么

Unscented transformation is used to improve the performance of extended kalman filter in the field of automatic control because it can reach accuracy of second order linear approximation. UT compensation can make us to estimate more accurate noisy acoustic model parameters corresponding to static feature of speech and we also proposes several kinds of engineering implementations to improve the efficiency up to six times faster than usual implementation of UT compensation.

针对声学模型参数在噪声环境下非线性变化的补偿问题，现在国际上广泛使用的PMC和VTS声学模型参数补偿算法只能达到其线性展开的一阶近似，所以本文通过使用自动控制领域用来提高扩展卡尔曼滤波器性能的称作Unscented Transformation的技术，可以达到对声学模型参数非线性变化的二阶近似，得到的声学模型参数更加精确。

In this project,we primarily investigated the growth of solutions of some types of differential equations,and the hyper order,the exponents of convergence of zeros and fixed points of solutions with infinite order, especially, expononts of convergence of fixed points of first, second order derivatives and differential polynomials of solutions.

中文摘要：在本项目中，重点研究了几种类型的微分方程解的增长性，及无穷级解的超级，零点收敛指数，不动点收敛指数，特别是解的一阶，二阶导数及微分多项式的不动点收敛指数。

Therefore, on the foundation of abroad research, this text describes the first and second order of crack turning theory, the influence of plasticity zone of crack tip and fracture resistance orthotropy of material to crack propagating trajectory.

因此，本文在国外文献的基础上，对裂纹转折的一阶和二阶理论以及材料裂纹尖端塑性区和断裂韧性各向异性对裂纹扩展路径的影响进行了描述。

Support and related doubles and redoubles : After a major-suit one-level response and a sandwich double or overcall below two of responder's suit, opener's redouble or double (even of a natural or artificial one notrump) shows a three-card fit for responder's suit. After a one-diamond response, opener's double of a sandwich one-spade overcall shows four hearts.

支持性及相关加倍及再加倍：一阶高花应叫且敌方在夹挤位置加倍或插叫新花但未超过二阶应叫者花色之后，开叫者的再加倍或加倍(甚至是自然或人为的1NT)皆为表示对应叫者花色有3张支持。1 应叫之后，敌方在夹挤位置插叫1 后开叫者的加倍表示有4张。

In this paper,the artificial parameter perturbation method and variational iteration method have been applied to nonlinear differential equation with power nonlinearities.

应用人工参数法和变分迭代算法，求解了具有分数阶非线性的一阶常微分方程。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。