一般有效性

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

Then, we discuss a robust implementation of the pilot-symbol-aided estimator that is insensive to channel statistics. The analysis of these algorithms is made by computer simulation. Finally, combinating with the application of channel estimation , we present two techniques: STBC (space-time block coding) and STTC (space-time trellis coding) to improve the performance of channel parameter estimation.

在基于导频的估计中，研究了基于MMSE下二维导频辅助信道估计，并结合无线信道的统计特性在一般不可知的条件下，给出了一种对无线信道的统计特性不是很敏感的鲁棒的二维导频辅助信道估计器，通过实验仿真证明其有效性。

Numerical results are in good concordance with the method of moments. The results are also in good agseements with the geometric theory of diffraction.

通过本文方法与一般矩量法的数值结果相比较，说明本文方法的快速性和一致性；用本文方法和几何绕射法相比较，验证了本方法的正确性和有效性。

This paper also establishes two basic or extreme forms and a medium structural form of the supply chain by reviewing the relative literatures. It is pointed out that the complete integrated supply chain, one of the two basic forms, is noneffective, while the potential efficiency of the complete competing market or network, the another one of the two basic forms, is usually unavailable.

接着，本文确立了供应链结构的两种基本范式和中间范式，并指出，作为基本范式之一的完全一体化的供应链是无效的，而另一个基本范式—完全竞争的市场和网络范式的有效性一般不易获得，只有介于两种基本范式之间的半一体化的供应链其效率水平是可以接受的，从而也是最常见的。

It shows that the adaptive immune algorithm is superior to both genetic algorithm and normal immune algorithm at solving optimal problems.

将改进算法、遗传算法和一般免疫算法分别应用到函数优化问题中，其结果证明了该算法的有效性。

In the symplectic system of plane elasticity in rectangular coordinates, by separating variables and abandoning the homogeneous boundary condition, the symplectic solution of a rectangular beam subjected to distributed load in a power function form is obtained.

在弹性力学平面直角坐标辛体系中，采用分离变量法，放弃齐次边界条件，得到了矩形梁侧边受幂函数形式分布荷载问题的辛解答，给出了这类问题在辛体系中的一般解法，分别对矩形梁受法向和切向分布荷载的问题进行了求解，显示了此方法的有效性。

In stead of the ring Z〓 we construct the threshold schemes over a large prime field Z〓. When we need decrypt or sign, we transform the module from r to φ using a sample massage. The efficiency and implementability of the methods presented in this paper excel the exiting methods.

用一般大素域Z〓代替环Z〓建立门限秘密共享体制，在需要解密或签名时，利用样本消息实现从模r到模φ的转换，该方法的有效性和可实现性均优于现有方法。

Due to the deficiency of systematicness and normalization in related researches, the authors propose the general principles for small signal stability evaluation in engineering, i.e., the effectiveness, typicalness and verifiability.

针对相关研究系统性、规范性不足的问题，提出工程中小干扰稳定安全评估的一般原则，即有效性、典型性和可验性原则。

In Chapter 2, the Balanced LS Estimation is defined for the linear model when its error covariance is positive definite or singular. The new estimation as well as the necessary and sufficient conditions is gained for its unbiasedness, efficiency and admissibility.

第2章提出了一般线性回归模型和奇异线性回归模型平衡LS估计的概念，得到回归系数β的平衡LS估计，进而探讨了这种估计的无偏性、有效性和可容许性。

This article introduce a general process of valuating usefulness of software testing, and put forward a series measuring index to measure of usefulness of software testing accurately.

本文介绍了评价软件测试有效性工作的一般流程，并提出了一系列用于精确度量测试有效性的度量指标。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。