一氧化氮

Many pro-inflammatory genes are activated and expressed after ASCI; one of them is inducible nitric oxide and catalyzes the excess syn-thesis of nitric oxide.

ASCI后多种炎症蛋白基因被激活并获得表达，诱生型一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide，iNOS）是其中的一种并进一步催化合成过量的一氧化氮(nitric oxide ，NO)。

Use biochemical method to observe the effect of electro-acupuncture on AchE、SOD、MAO、NO、NOS of senile dementia AD rat's brain tissue; use immunohistochemistry technique to observe protein kinase expression of hippocampal; use optical and electron microscope to observe morphosis change of rat's brain tissue; use in situ hybridism technique to observe aspartate receptor mRNA expression of hippocampal; use water and electric maze experiment to observe rat escape latent period and mistake times, to understand it's learning and memory ability.

分别用生化方法观察电针对AD大鼠脑组织胆碱酯酶、超氧化物歧化酶、单胺氧化酶、一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶的影响；用免疫组化方法观察海马组织蛋白激酶的表达；用光、电镜方法观察大鼠脑组织形态结构的变化；用原位杂交方法观察海马组织天门冬氨酸受体rnRNA的表达；用水迷宫和电迷宫实验观察大鼠逃避潜伏期和错误次数，以了解其学习记忆能力。

Researchers believe that this part of the male long-term high concentration of nitric oxide, a sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and lead the work environment, motor vehicle exhaust, and nitric oxide, lead, most likely to damage sperm quality.

研究人员认为，这部分男性长期在高浓度的一氧化氮、一氧化硫、一氧化碳和铅等汽车废气环境中工作，而一氧化氮、铅等，最容易破坏精子质量。

After 24 hours, all rats were anesthetized again and their left common carotid arteries were cannulated to facilitate blood withdrawal for serum sample. The contents of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum were determined before and after experiment by ELISA; the activity of superoxide dismutase and content of malondialdehyde were determined by xanthinoxidanse method and modified TBA microdetermination. The content of NO2(superscript -)/NO3(superscript -), and activity of nitric oxide synthase and inducible NOS were determined by nitrate reductase method, and chemical chromogenic reaction, respectively; the immunoglobulin G, IgA, IgM and complement 3 (C3) and C4 were determined by immunoprecipitation method before and after experiment.

实验评估：手术创伤后24h进行采用酶联免疫吸附法测定实验前后血清肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6含量；应用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定超氧化物歧化酶活性、改良TBA微量法测定丙二醛水平；以硝酸还原酶法、化学显色法分别检测NO2/NO3浓度及一氧化氮合酶、诱导型一氧化氮合酶活胜；以免疫比浊法经全自动生化分析仪检测血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA及补体C3、C4含量。

Cinnamomea, antrocamphin A was purified from previous ethanol extraction using bioactivity-guided fractionation. As results, the antrocamphin A could significantly inhibit NO and PGE2 autacoids production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 were inhibited by antrocamphin A in a dose-dependent manner. Antrocamphin A also reduced the translocation of NF-κB induced by LPS, which was associated with the prevention of the degradation of I-κB, and subsequently decreased p65/p50 proteins level in the nucleus. This is the first report demostrating the A.

接著并以活性为导向的分离策略，从樟芝子实体乙醇抽出物中分离出具抗发炎活性成分antrocamphin A，续利用LPS诱导小鼠巨噬细胞（RAW 264.7）产生发炎的模式，解析antrocamphin A之抗发炎机制，结果证实antrocamphin A确可有效抑制一氧化氮自由基和前列腺素的生成，透过蛋白质表现分析得知，antrocamphin A之抗发炎活性是经由抑制一氧化氮生成酵素和第二型环氧酵素的mRNA表现，进而抑制了一氧化氮生成酵素、第二型环氧酵素和核转录因子-κB等酵素之表现。

The gaseous monoxides nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, generated within the blood vessel wall, have been identified as important cellular messengers involved in the regulation of intracellular cGMP levels, platelet aggregation and smooth muscle relaxation, The mechanism by which carbon monoxide activates soluble guanylyl cyclase is similar to that of nitric oxide, and involves binding and dislocation of its heme-iron to induce a conformational change and activation of the catalytic site of guanylyl cyclase.

一氧化氮是体内最重要的气体信使分子，不仅是维持血管正常舒缩功能的重要介质，而且还有抑制单核细胞及血小板与内皮的粘附、聚集、抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖等作用。近年研究表明，内源性一氧化碳是体内另一个重要的气体信使分子，它是由血红素氧合酶氧化分解血红素产生的，具有与一氧化氮相似的生理功能。

Objective: To study the levels of nitric oxide in serum of 50 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its clinical value.

目的：通过50例头颈部鳞癌患者血清一氧化氮浓度的测定，研究一氧化氮在头颈部鳞癌患者血清中的表达及其临床意义，探讨一氧化氮在头颈部鳞癌肿瘤免疫方面的作用。

Positive nerve fibers are in pedal nerve cords and visceral nerve cords. There are no neuronal nitric oxide synthase or inducible nitric oxide synthase positive cells or fibers in the nervous system. A few of endothelial nitric oxide synthase strongly positive nerve cells are identified in pedal ganglia and visceral ganglia. Weakly positive cells and nerve fibers of eNOS can be seen in all of the ganglia and nerve cords.

免疫组化定位表明，神经型一氧化氮合酶和诱导型一氧化氮合酶在整个神经系统内均呈阴性；足神经节和脏神经节内有少量神经细胞呈内皮型一氧化氮合酶强阳性；各神经节和神经索内的部分小细胞和神经纤维呈eNOS弱阳性。

The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.

本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法，研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami，RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ，GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum，NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis，DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP，5μg)，注射当天睡眠时间略有减少，第二日睡眠时间显著减少，觉醒时间明显增多，第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加，觉醒时间减少；而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid， L-Glu， 0.2μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline，BIC，1.0μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen，BAC，1.0μg)后，产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg，0.5μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间略有减少，但无显著性意义；而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside，SNP，0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间，缩短睡眠时间；微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine，L-NNA，2.0μg)后，引起睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用；RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后，与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠，其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate，MOR，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加； RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride，NAL，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少；RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue，MB，1.0μg)后，与NS组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 0.2μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多；大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide， MS， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine，PCPA，10μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少；大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg)，产生睡眠增多效应后，在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan ， 5-HTP， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多。

Recently studies provided evidence for the presence of animal-like nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidases in plants.

最近的研究认为，在环境条件胁迫下，植物体也能通过类似哺乳动物体内NADPH氧化酶和一氧化氮合酶途径产生活性氧和一氧化氮。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。