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X-ray diffraction is one of the most common and efficient ways to measure a superlattice structure. This dissertation displays the detail results for characterization of Ge〓Si〓/Si superlattices by x-ray diffraction (including x-ray small angle diffraction and double crystal diffraction). It was found, when the growth temperature is lower, the intensities of xray small angle diffraction peaks are modulated by a periodical function, which indicates that both sets of interfaces of the superlattice is highly flat; when the growth temperature is higher, the diffraction peak intensities are simply decay with the increase of diffraction vector, which indicates that one set of interfaces is highly flat but another is not; when the growth temperature is very high, the diffraction peaks are reduced more rapidly, which indicates that both sets of interfaces are not ideal.

本文详细介绍了用X-射线衍射（包括X-射线小角衍射和双晶衍射）方法对Ge〓Si〓/Si超晶格结构特性测试的结果，尤其是发现，当Ge〓Si〓/Si超晶格的生长温度较低时，X-射线小角衍射谱峰的强度随着衍射波矢的增加而周期性调制，表明超晶格的两套界面都十分平整；当生长温度较高时，Ge〓Si〓Si超晶格的X-射线小角衍射谱峰的强度随着衍射波矢呈简单的衰减变化，对应于超晶格内有一套界面不平整的情况；当生长温度进一步提高时，X-射线小角衍射峰明显减少，表明超晶格内两套界面都不理想。

In the Chapter 1 of this thesis, we gave brief introduction to the development of X-ray astronomy observations, which is one of the most important and active parts of modern astronomy. Due to the research experiences, we introduced ASCA X-ray satellite and Chandra X-ray Observatory in more details.

X射线天文学已经逐渐成为现代天文学最为活跃的部分之一，本文首先简单介绍了X射线天文观测诞生以来的发展经历，因研究经历的原因，我们对ASCA X射线卫星及Chandra X射线天文台进行了较详细的介绍。

When propagating light\|ray passes through two fixed points in the gradient index mediums and a cuspidal variable\|point （at this point the trace equation of propagating light\|ray is non\|differentiable） at the borderline of two different GRIN mediums, the mathematical relationship, which the trace equation of propagating light\|ray and borderline equation of two different GRIN mediums should satisfy, is derived by the Fermat's principle and calculus of variation.

当光线通过梯度折射率介质中两个固定点和两个GRIN介质界线上的可动尖点（光线轨迹方程的不可微点）时，由费马原理和变分法运算推得传输光线的轨迹方程与两种不同GRIN介质的界线方程应满足的微分关系式。

Crystalline β-BBO thin films were successfully prepared on (001)-oriented Sr 2+-doped α-BBO substrates by using liquid phase epitaxy, pulsed laser deposition and vapor transport equilibration techniques. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and X-ray rocking curve. The present results manifest that the β-BBO thin films grown on Sr 2+-doped α-BBO substrates have larger degree of orientation f value and smaller X-ray rocking curve FWHM than the ones grown on other reported substrates.

采用液相外延法、脉冲激光沉积法以及气相传输平衡法在Sr 2+：α-BBO(001)衬底上生长了质量优异的β-BBO 薄膜，对薄膜进行了X射线衍射测试以及双晶摇摆曲线分析，结果表明，采用Sr 2+：α-BBO单晶作为衬底制备的β-BBO薄膜具有高的择优取向度和低的半峰宽值。

Birefringence, or double refraction, is the decomposition of a ray of light into two rays (the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray) when it passes through certain types of ma ...

光在晶体中传播时，再不平行于光轴方向上，由于e光和o光传播速度不同，而出现两个不同折射率的光的像，这种现象叫做双折射现象。

The ray corresponding to the wave surfaces tangent to the ellipsoids is deviated even though the incident ray is normal to the surface, and is called the extraordinary ray.

椭球次级波面的切线的光偏离了入射线与折射线的法线方向，将它称为非常光。

If the crystal is rotated about the incident ray as an axis, the ordinary ray remains fixed but the extraordinary ray revolves around it, as shown in Fig.

如果晶体绕入射线光轴转动，正常光线保持不动，而非常光线也绕它旋转，如图所显示的。

Thehigh-density array has threshold energy of about 2TeV. With the YangbajingAS γ array, upper limits of γ-ray fluxes from many high energy galacticcelestial objects including Crab Nebula and active galactic nuclei weremeasured at the energy around 10TeV, and the possible evidence of existing10TeV cosmic gamma ray burst was looked for. The Sun's shadow of cosmicrays has been observed and shift of the Sun's shadow resulted from the solarinterplanetary large scale magnetic field was found. And the ultra high energyspectrum of primary cosmic ray around the 'knee' was reached.

利用羊八井AS γ阵列已测量了包括蟹状星云在内的多个河内高能天体和活动星系核的10TeV γ流强上限，显示出可能存在的10TeV宇宙γ暴的线索，作出了宇宙线太阳阴影图，并得到了由于太阳及行星际空间大尺度磁场造成的宇宙线太阳阴影相对于太阳几何位置的偏移，测出了超高能宇宙线"膝"区能谱。

It reformed the coventional grazing incidence method of reflecting x ray, and made it possible to reflect x ray in normal incidence way. It moves x ray optics forward greatly.

它从根本上改变了传统的掠入射反射x光的方法，使正入射反射x光成为可能，并极大的促进了x光学的发展。

Numerical simulations show that the results are accordant with conservation of energy; electrical field or magnetic field of the ray refracted to the isotropic medium does not parallel to the electric field or the magnetic field of original incident ray; the direction of optical axis and the magnitude of incident angle have a great effect on the energy and the polarization direction of the refracted ray.

数值模拟表明，所得结果满足能量守恒；射入各向同性介质中光的电场与原入射光的电场不再平行；光轴的取向和入射角的大小对折射光的偏振方向和能量有重大影响。

Objective To study the effect of chitosan in the prevention of fibrous scar formation in the epidural space after laminectomy.

目的 观察选择性脊神经后根切除术椎板切除后硬膜外几种防瘢痕粘连物质的作用并探讨其机制。

On his way to the lift, he looked back to us or was it me his eyes pointing?

当他要进电梯时，他回头看我们（或者说是我，他的眼光？