查询词典 vizirs

Another major vizir was Damad Ibrahim,best known for diverting Sultan Ahmed Ⅲ(r.1703-1730)into building pleasure palaces and tulip gardens;but he also brought in European artists,commissioned Turkish translations of Western scientific works,and introduced the first Ottoman printing press.Mehmet Ragib tried in the mid-eighteenth century to better his subjects' lot through fiscal and legal reforms,while keeping the empire at peace.My point is that,even in this dark age of Ottoman history,there were sultans and vizirs who tried to bring in some light.More westernizing reformers would arise in the nineteenth century;Iwill write about them later.

此外，还有统治阶级的构件谁产奶奥斯曼制度，充实自己，而未能履行duties.but奥斯曼长寿的秘诀之一是，该系统还能够生产和苏丹vizirs谁看到腐败的改革和苏丹分别介绍reforms.amongossmanⅡ(r.1618-1622)，形成了新的尝试，以他为首的土耳其民兵被打死的janissaries； muradvⅣ(r.1623-1640)，一个强大和摔跤冠军阿彻25，000人被处决反叛单一年度学科门类；马哈茂德Ⅰ(r.1730-1754)，欧洲人首次引入新的战斗技巧，教导； selim和Ⅲ(r.1789-1807)，他介绍了综合改革计划，Nizam女士--jedid，我将在下一章节封面。

Th easy answer is to blame incompetent or impotent sultans.As the Turks used to say,"Balik basdan kokar"("the fish stinks from the head"). The Reforming Sultans and Vizirs There is,as usual in such popular accounts,a germ of truth in all this.Conditions were getting worse.No one denies the insanity of Sultan Ibrhim (r.1640-1648),who had his 280 concubines tied up in sacks and drowned in Bosporus.MustafaⅡ（r.1695-1703）was wrong to insist on leading his troops into battle.His catastrophic defeat at the hands of Prince Eugen of Savoy,the military genius of the age,cost the Ottomans an army,the province of Hungary,and their military prestige.Drinking problems and harem intrigues afflicted the later sultans far more than they had the first ten. In addition,there were menbers of the ruling class who milked the Ottoman system to enrich themselves while failing to perform their duties.

奥斯曼无力改变的关系，我们可以追踪中东和西方的一连串事件日期：1683年土耳其人未能karlowitz条约，割让匈牙利帝国；他们于1699年签署的一项条约karlowitz割让匈牙利的哈布斯堡王朝和爱琴海沿岸的venetians；他们在1718年签署的欧洲以外更多土地； 1774年俄罗斯获准与他们失去了克里米亚代表正统基督教的科目； 1798年拿破仑占领和侵略palestine.meanwhile埃及和其他穆斯林王朝，如帖木儿王朝印度，以及其继承人safavids伊朗、摩洛哥sharifian统治者，也可能转弱前安装十八世纪土耳其人europe.but最接近者的新权力，传统上作为战斗ghazis为伊斯兰教主张失去其最lands.my板如果欧洲人对重点何故被奥斯曼帝国。

But one of the secrets of Ottoman longevity was that the system went on producing capable sultans and vizirs who saw the corruption and introduced reforms.Among the reforming sultans were OssmanⅡ(r.1618-1622),whose attempt to form a new Turkish militia led to his being killed by the janissaries;MuradvⅣ(r.1623-1640),a powerful wrestler and champion archer who executed 25,000 rebellious subjects within a single year;MahmudⅠ(r.1730-1754),the first to bring in Europeans to teach new fighting techniques;and Selim Ⅲ(r.1789-1807),who introduced a comprehensive reform scheme,the Nizam-i-Jedid,which I will cover in the next chapter.

有些症状会造成一些热门史你相信奥斯曼帝国的统治者关心什么的fate.enchanted的魅力的怨妇，压抑的葡萄酒或大麻，处处受制于派系法院janissary叛乱或吵架，苏丹失去政权或保卫自己的利益，在维护自己lands.by同样，巧取豪夺vizirs试图保住了苏丹的途中，为了赚取买system.bureaucrats腐败的办公室及下属岗位他人出售，而每个贫困农民和工人挖出权力税费。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷